Directory_and_Chronicle_1904_Part_012

The proposed harbour works at Takow and Anping, and the other public works are postponed but will be proceeded with as soon as the necessary appropriations can The harbours have been completely surveyed and the estimated cost is

be obtained.

$6,500,000.

記怡 Ee.kee

BAIN & Co., Merchants

A. W. Bain

H. W. Arthur

Ko Thieng Sang

Agencies

DIRECTORY

Hongkong and S'hai. Banking Corpn.

Norddeutscher Lloyd

Douglas Steamship Company, Limited Indo-China S. N. Company, Limited China Navigation Company, Ld. Canadian Pacific Railway Company Nippon Yusen Kaisha Lloyd's

Liverpool Underwriters' Association Canton Insurance Office, Limited China Traders' Insurance Co., Limited Hongkong Fire Insurance Co., Limited British Foreign Marine Insurance Co. South British Fire and Marine Ins. Co. Nouveau Lloyd Suisse

Continental Versich. Ges., Mannheim New York Life Insurance Company Impl. Mar. & Trspt. Ins. Co., Ld., Tokyo South Formosa Ice Company, Ld.

SPAIN, in charge of interests

UNITED STATES, Consular Agency

Consul-A. E. Wileman

Pro-Consul-A. W. Bain Writer-Y. Musashi

NETHERLANDS

Consul-A. W. Bain

CUSTOMS, Anping

Superintendent-Miyao Shunji

Chief Inspector-YamakuchiToshifumi Chief Surveyor-Kodama Renshin Chief Examiner-Mitsui Yeijiro

Chief Collector-Arishima Kensuke

Accountant-Kusuda Kennojo Secretary-Sato Tokutaro

Chief Appraiser- Sumi Gitaro

Branch Offices

Chief-Ueno Taisuke (Hokkokei)

Do. Nisi Kogoro (Tosekiko)

Do. -Mutai Yoshigo (Takao)

Do. -Kito Saiji (Toko)

Do. --Matsuno Michio (Mekin, Boko

BANK OF TAIWAN, LIMITED, Tel. Ad., Taigin | DINSHAW & Co., Mchants, and Comn. Agts.

J. Muramatsu, manager

CONSULATES

GREAT BRITAIN

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, Consulate

DENMARK, Consular Agency

FRANCE, Consular Agency

GERMANY, Vice Consulate

ENGLISH PRESBYTERIAN MISSION, Tainan

Rev. W. Campbell, F.R.G.S.

Rev. Thos. Barclay, M.A.

Rev. D. Ferguson, M.A.

Rev. A. B. Nielson, M.A. (absent)

Peter Anderson, L.R.C.P. & 8. ED.

J. L. Maxwell, M.D., LOND.

F. R. Johnson

Legible letters, written on the Remington Typewriter, bring business.

Miss Butler

Miss Stuart

TAINAN-FU, TAKOW, AND ANPING

Miss Barnett (absent)

Miss Lloyd

D. Landsborough, M.B., C.M. (Shoka)

Rev. C. N. Moody, M.A.,

GOTO & SONS, Merchants; Head Office, Kobe

I. Akagi, agent

Nippon Marine and Transport Ins. Co.

MANSON (DAVID) MEMORIAL HOSPITAL

Medical Director and Treasurer-

James L. Maxwell, M.D. LOND.

Mutsui BussaN KAISHA, Merts., Tainan-fu

J. Kodama, agent

S. Jshiwatari

S. Yoshida

Roman CathoOLIC (DOMINICAN) MISSION

Rev. Francisco Giner, Talibu

Rev. R. Colomer, Niatau

Rev. C. Arranz, Toa-tiu-tia Rev. J. Alvarez, Toa-tiu-tia

Rev. Manuel Prat, Lo-chu-cheng

Rev. Tomas Pascual, Ban-kim-cheng Rev. Pedro Prat, Takao

Rev. Toribio Tobar, Taiwanfoo

Rev. Angel Ma, Rodrigues, Chiu-ah-kha Rev. Juan Beovide, Na

Rev. B. Gordaliza, Po-kin-tun

Osaka Shosen KABUSHIKI KAISHA (Osaka Mercantile Steamship Co.): Tel. Ad. Shosen; Telephone 37 (Anping Branch)

S. Nishikaze, manager

M. Hirano, shipping clerk

K. Ono, chief accountant clerk

34th Bank (Sanjushi Ginko)

A Hai-hing Kung-sze

SOUTH FORMOSA TRADING Co., Ld., Hong- kong, Takow and Anping: Tel. Ad. Haihing

Harry Hastings, manager

T. Koriyama

General Managers

South Formosa Steamship Co.

China Mutual Life Insurance Co., Ld.

Taiwan Rice Milling Co.

Nam Hing Rice Milling Co.

記德 Tick-kee

TAIT & Co., Merchants, Anping

R. N. Ohly, agent

S. Elphinstone

Agencies

Peninsular & Oriental S. N. Company

North China Insurance Company

Java Sea and Fire Insurance Company

Union Insurance Society of Canton

North German Insce. Co. of Hamburg

South British Fire & Marine Insce. Co.

記唻 Lai.kee

WRIGHT & Co., D. M., Merchants

R. J. Hastings

Agencies

Yangtsze Insurance Association, Ld. China Fire Insurance Company, Ld.

REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS stand a world of wear and tear.

Corea, or Chosen (the native name), is a peninsula situated to the north of China which hangs down between that Empire and Japan, separating the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea, between the 34th and 43rd parallels north. It is bounded on the north by Manchuria, on the north-east by Siberia, on the east by the Sea of Japan, on the west by the Yellow Sea, and on the south by the Channel of Corea. It has a coast line. measuring 1,740 miles, and with its outlying islands is nearly as large as Great Britain. The name Corea is derived from the Japanese Korai (Chinese Kaoli); and the Portuguese, who were the first navigators in the Yellow Sea, called it Koria. Chosen is translated into “Morning Calm." The eastern half of the peninsula is a sinuous range of mountains of which Western Corea is the slope. The chief rivers of importance are naturally to be found on the western side, and most of the harbours are situate on that coast. Corea is divided into eight do or provinces, named Ping-an, Whang-hai, Kiung-kei (which contains the capital), Chung-chong, Chulla, Kiung-sang, Kang-wen, and Ham-kiung. The climate is healthy and temperate, bracing in the north and milder in the south, where it is more exposed to summer breezes. The Han river at Seoul is often frozen for two months in the year. The fauna includes tigers, leopards, wild deer, wild hogs, and in the south monkeys are to be found. A stunted breed of horses exists, and immense numbers of oxen are raised as food; goats are rare, and sheep are only imported from China for sacrificial purposes. The pheasant, eagle, falcon, crane, and stork are common. A great portion of the soil is fertile and the mineral wealth of the kingdom is believed to be considerable. The history of Corea, like that of its neighbours, is lost in the mists of obscurity, but according to native and Chinese tradition a Chinese noble named Kishi or Ki-tsze, who migrated with his followers to Corea in 1122 B.C., was the founder of the Corean social order and the first monarch. His descendants are said to have ruled until the fourth century before the Christian era. The present dynasty is descended from Ni Taijo, a young soldier who was the architect of his own fortunes, and who succeeded in deposing the Wang dynasty. It was at this time, in the 14th century, that Han-yang, known as Seoul, was selected as the national capital. His Majesty Emperor Yi Fin is the twenty-eighth sovereign of the present line. The Empire is governed, under the Emperor and three Prime Ministers, by six boards or departments-namely, Office and Public Employ, Finance, Ceremonies, War, Justice, and Public Works. The general method of procedure is modelled on that of Peking. The State revenue is derived from the land tax.

For many centuries the Coreans successfully resisted all efforts to induce them to hold intercourse with foreigners. The King was formerly a vassal of the Emperor of China, and the Emperor of Japan also claimed his allegiance, but by the Treaty of Kokwa, concluded with Japan in 1876, the independence of the country was acknow- ledged, though China, which assented to Corea's conclusion of this and other treaties with foreign Powers as an independent kingdom, inconsistently continued to claim suzerainty. Upon the establishment of Japanese in the ports of Fusan and Yuensan, the prejudice against foreign intercourse gradually abated, and on the 22nd May, 1882, a treaty of friendship and commerce was signed by the Corean Government at Jenchuan with Commodore Shufeldt on behalf of the United States. A Treaty with England was signed by Sir Harry Parkes on the 26th November, 1883; in 1884 Treaties were also concluded with Germany and Russia, and later with France, Italy, and Austria. The population of Corea, according to a recent census, is 5,608,351, but this is evidently not the total population. The native population was recently estimated by a competent foreign authority at 10,000,000. A census of the foreign population in 1900 showed 17,000 Japanese, 3,710 Chinese, and 596 other foreigners-of whom 239 were Americans, 141 British, 80 French, 62 Germans and 45 Russians, the re- mainder being distributed amongst eight nationalities. The capital has now two daily papers, having a combined sale of 5,600 copies, and one tri-weekly issue of 2,600 copies. These newspapers, which are increasingly read in the provinces, record the mea- sures adopted by the Government, and afford expression to feeling on public matters,

The foreign trade of the country continues to exhibit steady growth. In spite of a bad harvest in 1901 the returns of foreign trade for 1902 were the highest on record since the opening of the country, with the one exception of the previous year.

The total foreign trade amounted to £2,745,346; imports, £1,382,351; exports of goods, £846,034; exports of gold, £516,964. The balance of trade was against Corea to the extent of only £10,356, whereas the average excess of imports over exports for the past five years was £107,309, exports being greater in 1900 alone. The average of the trade for the past five years was £2,370,075; so that 1902 had to its credit £378,271 more than the average.

The principal articles of import are cotton manufactures, and of export, rice, hides and bones, beans, and gold. There is a considerable paper making industry, which is entirely in the hands of the peasantry, its great drawback being lack of capital. The export of gold is yearly increasing, in 1897 amounting to £240,047, in 1899 £293,338, in 1900 £363,305, in 1901 £509,738, and in 1902, £516,961. There are several gold mines now being worked owned by British, American and German syndi cates. The Pritchard Morgan Concession is now developing the Gwendoline mine, and the Unsan district, over the whole of which this Company possesses mining rights, has been shown to con- tain silver, copper and coal deposits. The German concession is at Tangokae (Kim-song). In 1894, owing to a rebellion in the Southern provinces, application was made to China for assistance, and Chinese troops were sent to restore order. Japan also sent troops and invited China to co-operate in reforming the government of the country, but China declined, and war resulted, Japan driving the Chinese out of Corea and carrying the war into China itself.

The Corean standing army, which used to consist of about 5,000 men, badly armed, drilled, clothed and fed, is now stated to number 17,000 men. For a few years

the army was trained by a Russian colonel who was assisted by three commissioned and ten non-commissioned officers, but in 1898 their engagement came to an end.

Regarding the currency of Corea the British Consul-General in his report for 1902 said: The chief difficulty in the way of trade is the lamentable state of the Corean currency. During 1902 the nickel coin fell to a lower value than ever before, being at one time at no less than over 100 per cent. discount. No little embarrassment was caused to business in the year under review by the presence in Corea of large and ever- increasing quantities of counterfeit nickel coins. The condition of the monetary system of the country, with its lack of reserve of precious metal, and the reliance placed upon the nickel piece of small intrinsic value, is in itself regrettable enough; but when there is superadded an overwhelming amount of spurious coins, the evil is much intensified. During 1901 the number of counterfeit 5-sen pieces which made their appearance had already attracted much attention, but the bad money increased and multiplied, and in 1902 resolute measures were found necessary to combat the nefarious traffic. Eventually the Japanese Government issued, on November 7, 1902, an Imperial ordinance, which came into force on the 15th, with a view to deterring Japanese from making spurious coins or despatching such nickels of Japanese manufac- ture to Corea. The punishment to which offenders against the ordinance are liable is inprisonment for a period not exceeding one year or a fine of not more than 200 yen (£20 88. 4d.). This enactment gave the Japanese customs officers power to prevent the the counterfeit coins from being shipped abroad, and enabled the Corean customs authorities to institute proceedings against Japanese found guilty of importing nickles of this description. From January 22, 1902, when the first seizure of the year took place, up to the end of December, 3,573,138 pieces (coins and blanks), the total face value being £18,191, were confiscated by the Chemulpo customs officers. The largest quantity taken at one time was 739,000 pieces, face value £3,772, detected on August 19 on a Corean junk; the second largest haul was made on September 8 in a cargo boat, and consisted of 530,090 pieces, with a face value of £2,512. Considering the quantity of nickles seized, the whole amount imported must be enormous. It is, of course, impossible to say how much has found its way in undiscovered, but it is reckoned that that must be five or ten times as much as the amount actually taken. While the counterfeiters and the passers of the debased coin cannot be too severely censured, the Corean Government have paved the way for fraud by filling the country with a depre- ciated currency of insignificant value, as they have issued without stint permits enabl ing private persons to undertake the work of coining. Thorough reform of the national financial system is the only remedy, and the longer it is delayed the greater will be the plight of the people. It is said that the withdrawal of the nickles from cir- culation and the placing of the currency upon a secure basis is an end which one or two prominent Corean officials have in view. The growth of the foreign trade has

been so greatly impeded in the past by the evils attending the national monetary arrangements, that any attempt to provide a remedy is welcome. The largest of the copper cash continue to be exported to Japan, where they are melted down for the value of the copper they contain. No progress has been made by the Corean Govern- ment with their projected subsidiary silver coinage, although silver to the value of some £85,000 was imported by the Imperial Mint for this purpose.

A railway connecting Chemulpo with Seoul, was opened on September 18th, 1899, and the Coreans have not been slow to avail themselves of modern conveniences for travelling. The third-class fare between Seoul and Chemulpo is 34 cents, about 1} cents or d. per mile.

In 1901 a contract was let for another line, from Seoul to Fusan, a distance of about 300 miles. The British Consul-General in his report for 1901, said :-After protracted negotiations the project for the construction of a broad-gauge railway from Seoul to Fusan has at length taken definite shape. Early in the year the Japanese Government guaranteed 6 per cent. interest on the subscribed capital for a period of 15 years; a company was thereupon formed in Japan to carry out the enterprise, and on August 20th and September 21st work was begun at the Seoul and Fusan ends of the line respec- tively. The capital of the company is 25,000,000 yen, or about £2,500,000, each share being of the value of 50 yen, or £5. The 400,000 shares were readily subscribed for, and there is little doubt that the remaining 100,000 shares, when issued, will be eagerly taken up." This Company, known as the Seoul-Fusan Railway Company, has since absorbed the Japanese Company which has the control of the railway connecting the capital with Chemulpo, and thus a railway line running from the sea on the west to Fusan in the South, belongs to a single Japanese Company with a capital of between £2,500,000 and £3,000,000 when fully paid up. The work of laying the track of the line from Fusan is being vigorously pushed forward, and is expected to be completed next year. The new electric tramway in Seoul has been extended to the river port of Riong-san. A Government project exists for a line of railway from Seoul to Wiju, and once or twice during 1902 operations were commenced, but suspended owing to lack of funds. A Russian financier made an offer for the right to construct the line, but the Corean Government refused to grant the concession, preferring to wait until the state of the finances would admit of the Government completing the undertaking themselves. The carrying trade of the country is practically in the hands of the Japanese. Out of a total of 2,569 sailing vessels (aggregating 80,539 tons) entering the open ports of Corea in 1902, Japan was represented by 1,516 (61,123 tons), and by 1,904 steamers (877,193 tons) out of the total of 2,902 (1,160,895 tons). The Corean share in the shipping trade is increasing and the Russian steamers show a larger tonnage in Corean ports than before. Japan comes easily first in the trade, Corea second, and Russia third. The sum of yen 1,000,000 was sanctioned by the Emperor in 1900 for construction of lighthouses. It is proposed to surround the coast with 31 lights.

The capital city of Han-yang, better known to foreigners as Seoul (which is merely the native term for capital), is situated almost in the centre of the province of Kiung-kei, on the north side of and about three miles from the river Han, about thirty- five miles from its mouth. It lies in 37 deg. 30 min. N. lat. and 127 deg. 4 min E. long. Han-yang means "the fortress on the Han." The city is enclosed by crenellated walls of varying height, averaging about twenty feet, with arched stone bridges spanning the watercourses. It is in the form of an irregular oblong, and stretches lengthwise in a valley that runs from north-east to south-west. The houses are about eight or nine feet high, built of stone or mud, and mostly roofed with tiles. Internally they are clean, for the Coreans, like the Japanese, take off their shoes before entering their houses. A long main street, about 100 feet wide, running east and west, divides the city into two nearly equal portions. In the northern half are the walled inclosures containing the King's Palace and the more important public buildings. A street about 50 feet wide intersects the main street at right angles, dividing the northern half of the city into eastern and western quarters. At the point of intersection stands a pavilion called Chong-kak (the “Bell Kiosk "), from a large bell about seven feet high which is placed there. This spot is regarded as the centre of the city; and from it another street, as wide as the main street, branches off to the south-west. The four wide streets

which thus radiate from the "Bell Kiosk" are known as the four Chong-ro or "Bell roads. Another conspicuous feature of this central part of the city is the row of large warehouses two storeys high, the lower portions of which are divided off into little shops, opening into a small courtyard instead of facing the street. The width of the main streets was formerly much reduced by the construction in front of nearly every house of a rude wooden shanty used for a workshop or for business purposes, which gave the streets a poor and squalid appearance, but some of the principal streets have now been cleared of these unsightly obstructions, and the people are gradually being taught the benefits of good roads and clean surroundings. A spacious market place has been erected in one of the busiest parts of the city, and arrangements are being made for establishing two or three others at suitable centres.

An annual appro- priation of $50,000 has been made by the Finance Department for the maintenance and improvement of the roads. The shops are small and unattractive, and contain no articles de luxe or curios. The population of the city is variously estimated at from 150,000 to 240,000 persons; official returns give the number of houses as 30,000. An electric railway, running for three miles along the main streets of Seoul and thence three or four miles into the country, was opened in 1899 and now extends to Riong-san. A railway connects Chemulpo with Seoul and another line to connect the capital with Fusan is being constructed.

COREAN GOVERNMENT

DIRECTORY

Adviser to the Minister of Justice-

L. Crémazy

Adviser to Home Office-A. Delcoigne

W. F. Sands

Adviser to Fgn. Office--Mühlensteth Physicians to Imperial Household-

Dr. Wunsch, Miss L. R. Cooke

ARSENAL IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT ALLI-

ANCE FRANÇAISE

Captain-Payeur

Assistants-Louis, Remmieff

COLLBRAN & BOSTWICK, General and Rail- way Contractors; Managers of the Seoul Electric Railway and Lighting Co., and Water Works, and Contractors for con- struction of the Toh Soh Extension Railway

H. Collbran

H. R. Bostwick

E. A. Elliott, signs per pro. Herbert E. Collbran, accountant B. C. Donham, chief engineer M. Tanka

H. S. Kwack

BUREAU DES MINES DE LA MAISON IM- COOKE, DR. LOUISE R., Physician to the

PERIALE De Coree

Charles Alévêque, déléguè

Hyen Sang Kien, directeur Trémoulet, inspecteur général L. Cuvillier, ingenieur, E.C.P.

H. Lecoy de la Marche, ingénieur A. Rabec, conducteur

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (JAPANESE)

Y. Kaku, chairman

K. Shigeno, vice-chairman C. Nakamura, chief secretary

CHEMINS DE Fer du Nord-Ouest, Maison

IMPÉRIALE DE CORÉE

G. Lefèvre, directeur

J.de Lapeyriére, ingénr., chef de service

E. Bourdaret, ingénieur adjoint

ECKERT, F., Professor of Music

"CHRISTIAN NEWS," Weekly Newspaper

James S. Gale, editor

C. C. Vinton, business manager

Imperial Household

Chief Commissioner

Brown, C.M.G.

J. McLeavy

Secretary J. L. Chalmers

Assistant-H. W. Davidson

Medical Officer-Dr. E. H. Baldock

部工商農國帝韓大

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE & COMMERCE

Min Chung Mook, Minister

Yu Uh Sik, vice

M. Kato, Adviser

H. J. Mühlensteth, Inspector General

of Coast Fisheries

DAI ICHI GINnko, Ld.

K. Takaki, agent

T. Semba

E. Schott

The American Government uses over 3,000 REMINGTON Typewriters.

HOSPITAL

J. Yasuda, M.D., physician

HOTEL DU PALAIS: Tel. Ad. Martin

L. Martin, proprietor

IMPERIAL HOTEL

M. Moulis, proprietor

IMPERIAL COREAN COMMUNICATIONS DE-

PARTMENT

Director General-Ho Sang Min

Vice do.

-Kang Yin Kiu

Inspector of Posts-E. Clemencet O

Do. Telegraphs-H. J. Müh-

lensteth

Postmaster-You Chi Son

Telegraph Manager-Yi Chung Nai

JAPANESE MERCHANTS

Fuchigami & Co.

Hamada & Co.

Kameya & Co.

Kiya & Co.

Koinishiwa & Co.

Tsuji & Co.

Yamaguchi & Co.

JOLY, Mrs., Instructress in Languages to

the Imperial Household

"KOREA REVIEW," Monthly Magazine

H. B. Hulbert, editor and proprietor

LEGATIONS AND CONSULATES

Consul-General-Léon Vincart Vice-Consul-R. de Vos

Le lettré du Consulat General-Yi

Hun Hua Interprète--Kim

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary--Hsü Tái Shên First Secretary--Chien Ming Fen Second Secretary-Hsü Chih Pei English Secretary-C. T. Woo Attachés-E. T. Wou, Fay Teh Pao,

Huang Tsu Yu, Chien Ħsi Yü Chancellors--Yao Ying Tai, Hsü Pao

Chin CONSULATE

Consul-General-Chêng Pên Jêu Attachés -LiaoShiChing, E. T. Wou,

Minister Plenipotentiary-V. Collin

de Plancy

Chargé d'Affaires-Vicomte de Fon-

Secretary-F. Berteaux

Elève vice Consul-E. Bradier

GERMANY (LEGATION)

Minister Resident-C. Von Saldern Kanzilst-R. Brinkmeier Hülfs Kanzlist-F. Bern

GREAT BRITAIN (LEGATION)

Minister Resident and Consul-Gene-

ral-J. N. Jordan, C.M.G.

Consular Assistant-T. Harrington Constable-T. Huntley

Acting Assistant-H. Porter

Medical Attendant - Dr. E. H.

ITALY (LEGATION, CONSULATE-General) Minister Resident and Consul-

General-A. Monaco

JAPAN (LEGATION)

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-G. Hayashi First Secretary-S. Hagiwara Secty.-Interpreter-I. Shiokawa

do. -K. Mayema

Attaché-S. Furuya

Military Attaché-Major S. Nozu Naval do. Comr.M.Yoshida CONSULATE

Consul-K. Mimashi Eléve Consul-K. Idefuchi Clerks-I. Takeda, G. Miho

Russia (LEGATION)

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-A. Pavlow Secretary-E. Stein (absent) Interpreter-Paul de Kehrberg Student Interpreter-M. Hefftlen Military Attaché-Capt. A. S. Pota-

Surgeon-Dr. W. Pokrovsky

UNITED STATEs of America (LEGATION)

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary-Horace N. Allen Secretary of Legation and Consul-

General--Gordon Paddock

Military Attaché-Captain A. W.

Interpreter-Kwon Yu Sup

Consular Jailer-Daniel Coleman

MANUFACTURE IMPERIALE DE PORCELAINE

Ingénieur L. Romion

MINISTÈRE DE LA JUSTICE

M. Crémazy, conseiller

MILITARY ACADEMY-IMPERIAL

Director-General Yee Hak Kiun French Teacher-E. Martel German Teacher-J. Bolljahn

The REMINGTON is the most durable and reliable writing machine.

MISSIONS

MISSIONS ETRANGÈRES DE PARIS

Monsgr. G. Mutel, vicar apostolic Rev. V. Poisnel, cure of the cathedral Rev. P. Villemot, procureur

Church of St. Joseph

Rev. C. Doucet, provicar

College of Ryong-san

Rev. P. Guinand, superior Rev. F. Demange, professor Revs. J. Wilhelm, X. Baudounet, L. J. Vermorel, P. Oudot, L. Curlier, P. Pasquier, J. Alix, L. Dutertre, L. Le Gendre, C. Bouillon, E. Devise, M. Lacrouts, J. Bouyssou, J. Mialon, C. Peynet, O. Chapelain, E. Taquet, Le Gac, E. Devred, A. Gombert, J. Gombert, Joyau, Rouvelet, P. Mélizan, E. Deneux, F. Tournier, G. Poyaud, V. Tour- neux, P. Rouquette, missionaries Tjeung-nam-hpo, or Pyeng-yang

Rev. Le Merre

Rev. J. Meng

J. Faurie

Ma-san-po

Rev. G. Mousset

Rev. L. Bret, Ouen-san

Rev. A. Grisard, do.

Orphanage of St. Paul de Chartres

Rev. Mother Stanislas, superioress

Five Sisters

POST-IMPERial Corean

Superintendent-E. Clémencet

署官話電信電便郵本日大

IMPERIAL JAPANESE POST OFFICE

Director-7. Tanaka

Secretaries-0. Oki, chief of posts; K. Ito, chief accountant; S. Nishikori, chief of telegraphs; S. Sakai, chief of telegrams; T. Shnagawa, chief of operators; Murakami, Fukawo, Mi- yake, Naneta, Inaba, Koike, Ito Akitani, Okubo, and ten others Yangdompo Branch Office

Hosokawa, Postmaster- Ozuwa,

Yongsang Post Agency

A. Shoji, agent Songdo Post Agency

A. Ishibashi, agent

Singen Post Agency

K. Okamura, agent

昌泰 Tah-chang

RONDON, L., GI. Storek'per, Imptr. & Exptr.

RUSSIAN, LUMBER CORPORN. IN THE FAR EAST

Baron G. de Gunzburg, general agent

H. L. Staeger, secretary

V. G. Tukharinoff

F. D. Dementieff,

Yalu Branch

N. N. Stromiloff, agent

G. A. Tsherniagovsky

G. K. Mattshini, accountant A. I. Lansly, controller

I. N.Skuratoff, in charge of shipping V. P. Tshernavik, cashier

V. P. Shibaeff, bookkeeper

A. Yasenkoff, M. Golovko, N. Liasht-

shenko, clerks

RUSSIAN ORTHODOX MISSION

Rt. Rev. Archimandrite-Chrisanff

Rev. Fr. Nicolas

Deacon Fr. Batholomew

SANDS, W. F., Adviser to the Imperial

Household

SCHOOL-GOVERNMENT (FRENCH) Head Master-E. Martel

5 assistant teachers

SCHOOL-GOVERNMENT (English)

Head Master-G. Russell Frampton Assistant Master-T. E. Hallifax Five Native Assistants

SCHOOL-GOVERNMENT (GERMAN)

Head Master-J. Bolljahn

SCHOOL-GOVernment (RuSSIAN)

Head Master-Birukoff

SCHOOL-NORMAL

Head Master-Professor H. B. Hulbert

SCHOOL MIDDLE

Professor H. B. Hulbert

SEOUL CLUB

Committee--G. Paddock (president), J. L. Chalmers (hon. treasurer), J. de Lapeyriere (hon. secretary), Baron de Gunzburg, Dr. R. Wunsch

SEOUL ELECTRIC Co., Operating Seoul Electric Street Railway Co. and Seoul Electric Lighting Co.

H. Collbran, president

H. R. Bostwick, vice-president and

general manager

H. Maki, B.S., consulting engineer

J. T. Nagasse, auditor

J. H. Morris, assistant manager

R. A. McLellan, chief engineer H. Eguchi, assistant do.

K. Ueda,

H. G. English, supt. electrician S. Ishikuma, asst.

Y. Tanimoto, lineman

F. Nakao, car house foreman E. Piehl, track superintendent

REMINGTON TYPEWRITER, 327 Broadway, New York, U. S. A.

SEOUL CHEMULPO

SEOUL PRESS (HODGE & Co.) Printers, Book-

sellers and Stationers

Agencies

Hongkong Daily Press

GRAND HOTEL

Directory & Chronicle for China, Japan,

W. H. Emberley, proprietor

TELEGRAPHS-IMPERIAL COREAN

Superintendent-H. J. Mühlensteth

WUNSCH, R., M.D., Physn. to Imperial H’hold

CHEMULPO

Port of JENCHUAN, called also JINSEN and INCHIUN

浦物濟 Che-mul-po

This port, called by the Japanese Jinsen, and by the Chinese Jenchuan, is situated on the west coast of Corea, in the metropolitan province of Kiongki, at the entrance of the Salée River, an embouchure of the Han or Seoul River. It was open to foreign trade in 1883, when it was a poor fishing village, and is now a flourishing centre of trade with a native population of 11,000, and a foreign population of 7,800, of which 6,600 are Japanese, and 1,100 Chinese.

The Settlements are fairly well built over and are now fully occupied: The price of land has risen to almost fabulous rates.

Chemulpo enjoys a beautiful climate and is never shut up by ice. The port has two anchorages, the outer one affording a safe berthing to ships of all size, and the inner one frequented by ships of about 1,000 tons, an enormous rise and fall of the tide, which averages 30 feet, renders the inner anchorage difficult of access to larger ships, and is also a serious hindrance to the navigation of the Seoul River. Only vessels not drawing over six feet may safely run between Chemulpo and Mapu, a place on the river three miles south-west of the capital.

The steamers of the Nippon Yusen Kaisha and Osaka Shosen Kaisha call regularly and have nearly the monopoly of the trade and passenger communication with Japan and North China. Since 1900, however, steamers of the Chinese Eastern Railway Co. call at Chemulpo on their run between Shanghai, Port Arthur and Dalny. The Hamburg-Amerika Line has also a regular fortnightly service between Hongkong and this port.

There are telegraphic communications with China (overland) and with Japan, a cable between Chemulpo and Chefoo remaining a desideratum.

Since September, 1899, a railway has connected Chemulpo with Seoul and another railway up to Fusan is in course of construction and will be completed by the Spring of

The value of the imports from foreign countries in 1902 was yen 8,071,466, as com- pared with yen 9,183,883, in 1901; and that of the exports to foreign countries yen 2,642,415, as against yen 2,807,592 in 1901. The total value of the trade of the port in 1902 was Yen 13,498,728 as compared with Yen 14,200,822 in 1901.

DIRECTORY

CHAMBER OF Commerce (Japanese)

Chairman--Y. Kaku

Vice-Chairman-K. Shigeno Chief Secretary-C. Nakamura

CHEMULPO CLUB

President-E. Laporte

Hon. Secretary-W. G. Bennett Hon. Treasurer-E. Laporte

CHEMULPO UNITED CLUB

President-A. S. Haimlton Hon. Secretary-

Hon. Treasurer-N. Krell

CHEMULPO CIGARETTE & TOBACCO CO.

A. S. Hamilton, manager

REMINGTON Typewriters are used everywhere in the civilized world,

CHINESE MERCHANTS

Yee Tai & Co. Say Shin Chung Shuan Shin Tai Si Kun Shun Tick Hing & Co. Tien Wha Chan Tung Shun Tai

Yee Sung Shin

Yü Fêng Tê

CHEMULPO

Yu Shin Jen Yung Lai Shin Ye Yuen Shing Chin Seng Tung Ho Fung Cheng Te Shun Foo Yuen Seng Tung Yu Sheng Chan

CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY Co. (Sea-

going service)

A. J. Seredin Sabatin, agent

CHOSEN SHIMPO, Newspaper

C. Nakamura, editor Y. Ogawa, publisher K. Hagiya, printer

CONSULATES

Consul-General-Hsü-Yin-Chih Acting do. E. T. Won Secretary-Interpreter--K. C. Dzau

GREAT BRITAIN

Vice-Consul--Arthur Hide Lay

Consul-M. Kato

Chancellors-R. Takezaki, S. Naka- mura, K. Tojo, G. Ando, K. Imai Interpreter-T. Tada

Inspectors of Police-K. Yoshida,

J. Komuta

Vice-Consul-Z. Polianovsky

Customs (Imperial Maritime Corean)

Commissioner-E. Laporte

Assistants-S. G. Hara, T. Kato, A. Grandcolas, W. MacConell, C. Carlsen Clerks-S. V. dos RemrJios,

Medical Officer-S. Matsumura Surveyor-E. Canali

Acting Tidesurveyor and Harbour

Master W. Brady

Acting Examiners-T. Mishima, T.

Stevens, G. Henderson, C. F. Gibbs Tidewaiters-B. Ohkubo, S. Yokochi, K. Matsunaga, K. Sato, N. Kuro- kawa, W. Freitag, V. A. Berovich, R. Sakai, R. Tazaki,

Probationary do-H. W. Simth, J.

Yabzkovsky

Jetty officers-K. Takeshima, E.

Nagadome

Watchers-T. Higuchi, S. Hirose, S.

Masashige

On Leave-F. R. Borioni, Acting Tidesurveyor and harbour master

DAIBUTSU HOTEL AND RESTAURANT

R. Hori, proprietor

DAI ICHI GINKO, LIMITED, OF JAPAN, AND

CUSTOMS BANK

M. Tanaka, manager

M. Takegawa, acting manager

S. Y. Üba, K. Nishiyama, G. Mizuta,

J. Aoki, clerks

Agencies

Tokyo Marine Insurance Company Meiji Fire Insurance Company

EU DON, STEWARD & Co., General Store-

keepers, and Ship's Compradores

EUROPEAN RESIDENTS-additional

Gunderson, J., master str. "Hansung” Benzenius, C.G., master str. "Hyenik" Guthier, master str. "Changriong"

FUJITA, K., Customs Broker and Com-

mission Agent

GERMAN MINES, Tangkogae, Kimsong

Province of Kang Wön Do'

L. Bauer, manager

F. W. Kegel

R. Brombach

I. Strizic

Th. Tomaschevsky

GINSBURG & Co., M., Commission Mer-

chants and Naval Contractors

M. Ginsburg

N. Krell, signs per. pro.

German Lloyd Marine Insurance Co.

GOJUHACHI GINKO, LIMITED

EIGHTH BANK)

K. Shigeno, manager

M. Itakura, accountant M. Mizuno, cashier

J. Migazu, K. Kitahara, clerks Agency

Teikoku Marine Insurance Company

HOLME, RINGER & Co., Merchants

F. Ringer (Nagasaki)

W. Geo. Bennett, signs per pro. J. H. Wallace,

G. S. Hannan

Agencies

Hongkong & Shanghai Bankg. Corpn. Russo-Chinese Bank

Peninsular and Oriental S. N. Co. Cie. des Messageries Maritimes Canadian Pacific Royal Mail S. S. Co. Pacific Mail Steamship Co. Occidental and Oriental S. S. Co. Toyo Kisen Kabushiki Kwaisha

REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS work well and wear well.

CHEMULPO

Northern Pacific Steamship Co. Boston Steamship Co. Boston Towboat Co.

China Navigation Company, Ld.

China Mutual Steam Nav. Co., Ld. Shire Line of Steamships Ocean Steamship Company, Ld. Ben Line of Steamships Mogul Line of Steamships Strath Line of Steamships Warrack Line of Steamships Barber Line of Steamships Portland and Asiatic S.S. Co. Union Insurance Socy. of Canton, Ld. Yangtsze Insurance Association, Ld. Royal Exchange Assurance Corp. Norwich Union Fire Assurance Co.

Law Union and Crown Fire Insce. Co.

Western Assurance Co.

Royal Insurance Co.

China Mutual Life Insurance Co. Standard Life Assurance Co. Equitable Life Assurance Society

South British Fire and Marine In. Co. Taikoo Sugar Refining Company, Ld. Marine Insurance Company

British and Korean Corporation, Ld. Thomas Cook & Son

Correspondents

Baring Brothers & Co., Limited

HOSPITAL (JAPANESE)

S. Matsumura, M.D., physician in

S. Uchida, assistant

IMPERIAL COrean CommuNICATIONS DEPT.

Postmaster-Sung Nak Ho

Telegraph Manager-Kang Wun Sun

JAPANESE Elementary ScHOOL

Principal-K. Mishiro

JAPANESE Kindergarten

President-K. Tomita

Chief Clerk-K. Yokoyama

Japanese Merchants, &c.

Bei-to Torichikisho (Rice Exchange)

E. Kaku, director

I. Hayashi

H. Higuchi

Keida & Co.

Kihei & Co.

Mitsui Bussan Kaisha

K. Nobuta

R. Fujiki & Co.

K. Shono

T. Takata

S. Okuda

8. Suyenaga

M. Takase

S. Tanaka K. Kori K. Kitow

K. Akamatsu N. Takasugi K. Hisano K. Sadayasu J. Kimura

JUHACHI GINKo, Ld. (Eighteenth Bank)

T. Adachi, manager

K. Enjoji, chief clerk

Y. Kuchiba, Y. Takahashi, K.

Shimizu, clerks

Agencies

Nagasaki Savings Bank

Teikoku Life Insurance Company

Nippon Fire Insurance Company

昌世 Seichang

MEYER & Co., E., Merchants Tel. Ad.

Barbarossa

H. C. Eduard Meyer (Hamburg) Carl Wolter

Carl Lührs

Paul Baumann, signs per pro. H. A. dos Remedios

Hermann Henkel

P. Schirbaum

Agencies

Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, Shanghai Chartered Bank of India, A. and China Dresdener Bank, Dresden

Banque de Comrce. de St. Petersburg

Asiatic Petroleum Co., Ld.

Hamburg-Amerika Linie, Hamburg Norddeutscher Lloyd, Bremen Austrian Lloyd, Trieste

United States & China-Japan S. S. Co. Indra Line

Indo-China Steam Navigation Co., Ld. Lloyd's

Union Ince. Society of Canton, Ld. Yangtsze Insurance Association, Ltd. Deutsche Transport-Versi. Ges., Berlin Verein Hamburger Assecuradeure Norddeutsche Versgs. Ges., Hamburg. Badische Schiffahrts-Assez. Ges. Man. La Foncière Compagnie d'Assurances L'Universo Marine Insurance Co. "Unione" Contle. Société Italienne "Savoia"Société Italienne d'Assurances. Deutsche Rück & Mitver. Gesell. Berlin Oberrheinische Ver. Ges. Mannheim Neuer Schweizerischer Lloyd Transatlantische Feuer Vers, Hamburg Imperial Insurance Company, Ltd. New York Life Insurance Company

MISSIONS

For Protestant Missions see end of

Corean Directory

The REMINGTON TYPEWRITER lasts longest.

CHEMULPO-WONSAN (GENSAN OR YUENSAN)

MISSIONS ETRANGÈRES DE PARIS

Rev. J. Maraval

ORPHANAGE of St. Paul de Chartres

Rev. Mother Julienne, superior

MORSEL, F. H., Rentier

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL (FOREIGN SETTLE'MT.) Herr Von Saldern (president), Arthur Hyde Lay (vice-president and hon. secretary), Kamni of Chemulpo, Z. Polianosky, G. Paddock, Hsü Yin Chih, M. Kato, C. Rosetti, official members; C. Wolter (hon. treasurer), W. D. Townsend, G. Mayebara,

elected members

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL-(JAPANESE)

Chairman-T. Adachi Vice-Chairman-K. Shigeno Director-K. Tomita

NIPPON YUSEN KAISHA (Japan Mail S.S. Co.)

S. Itami, assistant manager

Y. Nakatsukasa, H. Kitahara, T. Takayanagi, H. Yamagishi, clerks

ORIENTAL CIGARETTE & TOBACCO Co., Tel.

Ad. "Orient"

T. Ross Reid, manager

A. Philippe

ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED MINING CO., Tel.

Ad. Pukchin

H. F. Meserve, general manager

Lancelot Pelly, auditor

Capt. E. S. Barstow, supilt. of

transportation (Chinnampo)

OSAKA SHOSEN KAISHA

G. Mayebara, manager

S. Hara, chief clerk

S. Kadzumi, S. Kabano, K. Fujii, K.

Oyeki, M. Shimidz, S. Asow, clerks

POST AND TELEgraph Office—(Japanese)

Director-K. Tanaka

Clerks T. Yamagata, M. Tsuchida, M. Kitamura, H.Kuroiwa, K. Miyoshi, Y. Matsumura, S. Otsuji, G. Oye, T. Terada, S. Miyamoto, K. Isa, M. Okabe, R. Hayama, T. Inouye, K. Masuda, S. Odateme, T. Sekiguchi

泰昌 Tah-chang

RONDON, PLAISANT & CIE., General Store- keepers, Importers and Exporters, Coal Merchants and Commission Agents

E. J. Sauveur, signs per pro.

A. J. Rondon

SEOUL-CHEMULPO BRANCH of S-F. RAILWAY

K. Sugi, manager

K. Taniguchi, engineer

H. Matsuoka, traffic manager

K. Takeda, workshop superintendent N. Furutsu, accountant

K. Takihara, M. Nagai, T. Yamamoto,

station masters

B. Yamamoto, driver

K. Iwai, F. Nakazaki, T. Suto, M. Oi, J. Yoshida, T. Inui, S. Okubo, clerks

STEWARD, E. D., & Co., Shipchandlers,

Forwarding Agents, Hotelkeepers

TOWNSEND & Co., Merchants

W. D. Townsend

J. D. Atkinson Sub-Agency

Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ld.

WONSAN (GENSAN OR YUENSAN)

山元 Yuen-san

This port, situated in Broughton Bay, on the north-eastern coast of Corea, is in the southern corner of the province of South Ham-kiung, about half way between Fusan and Vladivostock. It was opened to Japanese trade on the 1st May, 1880, and to other nations in November, 1883. It is called Gensan by the Japanese and Yuensan by the Chinese. The native town has grown considerably since the port was opened to trade, and contains now a population of fully 20,000 inhabitants. The town is built along the southern shore of the bay, and through it runs the main road which leads from Seoul to the Tumen river. Markets are held five times a month for the sale of agricultural produce and Foreign imports. The Custom House is situated in the heart of the Foreign Settlements about a mile distant from the Native town. The Japanese have a well-kept settlement containing about 200 houses, with 1,500 inhabitants. The Chinese number 120, and the European and American residents about 30. The harbour is a good one, being spacious, easy of access, well sheltered, with excellent holding

Steady work, swiftly done, on the REMINGTON TYPEWRITER.

WONSAN (GENSAN OR YUENSAN)

ground, and convenient depth of water. January is the coldest month, and one corner of the harbour-that before the native town--is sometimes frozen over, but the part used by shipping is never covered with ice of such a thickness as to interfere with navigation. The country around Wonsan is under cultivation, and the soil is very rich. Within a short distance of the port are mines producing copper and other minerals, and gold is found amongst the neighbouring mountains. The cattle at the port, as nearly all over the country, are very fine and plentiful, and can be bought at very low rates; they are used as beasts of burden and for agricultural purposes and are largely exported to Vladivostock for food purposes. A telegraph line from hence to Seoul was opened in July, 1891, and has been extended northwards to within 100 li of the Russian frontier.

Trade is carried on by regular lines of steamers running to Japan, Shanghai, and Vladivostock. The latest returns available (1902) show the value of the trade with foreign countries to be, Imports Yen 1,916,148, and Exports Yen 1,022,476 as compared with Yen 2,089,158 and Yen 944,937 respectively in 1901. The net total value of the trade in 1901 was Yen 3,986,706 as compared with Yen 3,385,533 in 1900, Yen 2,989,587 in 1899, Yen 2,971,297 in 1898, Yen 3,071,726 în 1897, Yen 1,411,898 in 1896. The exports consist chiefly of beans, cattle, dried fish, gold-dust, whale-flesh and skins. The value of gold- dust exported abroad in 1901 was Yen 1,668,245, not included in the exports of merchandise. Imports consist chiefly of cotton and silk manufactured goods, cotton wadding, metals and kerosene oil.

DIRECTORY

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE (Japanese)

Chairman-K. Kameya

Vice-President--K. Nakamura

Secretary-C. Ashihama

CHINESE MERCHANTS

Tung Fung Tai

Yuen Chang Yung Tseng Li Tè Hsing Lung Kung Huo Chang

Yuen Hsin Ching

San Huo Yung Tung Hsin-hsing I. Sheng Yung Hung Changtung

CONSULATE-

Vice-Consul—T. Ohki

Chanceliers-K. Ito, T. Imai

Interpreter--H. Takeda

Police Insptrs.-S. Utsumi K. Koizumi

Commissioner-C. E. S. Wakefield Assistants-W. M. Bowie, Y. Fujisaki,

A. Suzuki, K. Naito, Kuan Chong-in Clerks-Yang K'ui-chiu, Yi-Hie tok Medical Officer-Dr. R. A. Hardie, M.B. Tidesurveyor-P. E. Mannheimer Tidewaiters-J. M. Smith, O. Olsen,

W. Thoresen and 3 Japanese

GENSAN HOTEL

Fukuya, proprietor

GRINEFF, TH. Z.: Tel. Ad. Steam

Agencies

Chinese Eastern Railway Co's S. S.

Count H. H. Keyserling & Co.

HOSPITAL (JAPANESE)

Physician--M. Saito

Assistant--M. Nakamura

IMPERIAL COREAN COMMUNICATIONS

DEPARTMENT

Postmaster--Yi Oe Hiok

Telegraph manager-Kwon Bo In

JAPANESE MERCHANTS, &c.

Eighteenth Bank

S. Ishida, agent

Japan Marine & Land Insurance Co.

S. Ishida, agent

Japan and Corea Trading Co.

N. Sato, agent

Meiji Fire Insurance Co. S. Ishida, agent Kaikoku Life Insurance Co.

S. Ishida, agent

Nichi In Trading Company

M. Ichikawa, agent

Nippon Yusen Kaisha

N. Kawamura, acting manager Osaka Shosen Kaisha

G. Ota, agent

Tokyo Marine Insurance Co.

N. Kawamura, agent

REMINGTON TYPEWRITER, 327 Broadway, New York, U. S. A.

MISSIONS

WONSAN (GENSAN OR YUENSAN)—FUSAN

For Protestant Missions see end of Corean

DIRECTORY

司公船輪路鐵省東灣大

CHINESE EASTERN RAILWAY Co.'s SEAGOING

STEAMSHIP SERVICE:

Tel. Ad. Steam

An. Kopshtal, agent

The REMINGTON TYPEWRITER is a Masterpiece of Mechanical Art,

COAL OIL STORE COMPANY

O. Naide, manager

CONSULATE-GENERAL-JAPAN

Consul-General-K. Shidehara

Elève-Consul-E. Suazuki

Chanceliers-T. Matsumura, N. Tanaka,

K. Takao, T. Jo

Police Inspectors-T. Yeudo, T. Arima,

Y. Yokoo

Consulate--CHINA

Consul-Haias E. Hsü

Attaché-Le Tsze Cheong

Corean Coasting Steam NAVIGATION. Co.

Chu-wa-za, agent

S.S. "Changriong," "Hyenik "

CUSTOMS-IMPERIAL COREAN

Commissioner W. McC. Osborne Assistant-D. Pegorini, K. Takeshita,

A. K. W. Bolljahn, H. Noguchi Clerks-J. Yegawa, H. Araki, Chang tse Foo, Kim Sung Won, Yung Piung won, Cheung Che Nam

Out door staff

Tidesurveyor and Harbour Master-

P. H. Smith

Acting Examiner-Otto Henschel Tidewaiters-P.Wallace, H. Yamashita,

G. Takahashi, H. Yanagi, K. Hirai, H. Yabashi

Medical Officer-S. Kubo, M.D.

HOSPITAL (JAPANESE)-Benten Machi

S. Kubo, M.D., surgeon in charge

HOUBEN, H. J., General Merchant

Agencies

Chinese Eastern Railway Co.

Northern Insurance Company, Ld.

Equitable Life Assce. Society of U.S.A.

IMPERIAL COREAN COMMUNICATIONS DEPT.

Postmaster-Cheng Hui Wan

Telegraph Manager-Yun Cha Yung

JAPANESE IMPERIAL GUARDS

Barracks Commandant-T. Sakane,

6th Regt. 2nd Coy., 200 men

JAPANESE MERCHANTS, &c.

Eighteenth Bank

S. Tsuruno, assistant in charge Fifty-eighth Bank

Y. Kitamura, manager

First Bank

Y. Noguchi, manager

Japan and Corea Trading Company

F. Toyoda, manager Japanese-Corean Merchant Ship Co.

Shibata, agent

Meiji Trading Company

K. Yabashi, manager Nippon Yusen Kaisha

K. Terami, manager

H. Ikuo, assistant in charge

Osaka Shosen Kaisha

M. Kodaira, assistant in charge Okya Steamship Company

Y. Hagino, agent

Sea Product Company

Yabashi, acting manager Tsushima-Fusan Steam Navign. Co

J. Miki, agent

S. S. "Kochi," "Gen-Maru"

MISSIONS

For Protestant Missions see end of

Corean Directory

MISSIONS ETRANGÈRES DE PARIS

Rev. Moussi, Masampo

Rev. P.Robert, Taiku

MUNICIPAL OFFICE (JAPANESE)

Mayor-H. Ohta

Assistant-S. Hirata

Clerk-E. Mayeda

Chairman-S. Koto

Vice-Chairman-S. To

局信電便郵山釜國版本日大

POST AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE (JAPANESE)

Director-S. Ouriu

Clerks, Telegraph-N. Baba, R. Hida

Clerk, Posts-Y. Ikuhashi

Accountant-N. Hoshino

SEA PRODUCT COMPANY

R. Hayashi, manager

SEOUL-FUSAN RAILWAY Company

Inagaki, engineer

ToWNSEND & Co., Merchants

C. Eklundh, signs per pro.

The Remington Typewriter works easily and easily does the best work.

MASAMPO-MOKPO

Masampo was opened to Foreign Trade on the 1st May, 1899.

Its native

population is 34,000 and foreign 300. Regular lines of small steamers connect the port

of Fusan. The imports in 1902 amounted to $3,365 and the exports to $7,338.

Masampo has attained considerable prominence during the past year in the World's

Press as being a port which Russia is anxious to dominate.

CONSULATE JAPAN

Consul-J. Sakata

Secretary R. Watanabe

Do. T. Kokubu

Inspector of Police-E. Sakai

CONSULATE-RUSSIA

Vice-Consul-G. Kozakow

DIRECTORY

Comsnr.---W. McC. Osborne (Fusan)

Acting Assnt. in charge-W. Armour

T'-waiters--S. Fujimoto, S. Miyasaki

Clerk-Kim Yi Hyen

IMPERIAL KOREAN COMMUNICATION DEPT.

Postmaster-Chiung Cha Sun

Telegraph Manager-So Sung Sock

JAPANESE HOTEL

T. Horiye

FRENCH MISSIONARY (M.E.)

G. Mousset

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

Chairman-J. Sakata

Secretary-H. Ogura

Treasurer-H. Houben

POST AND TELEGRAPH OFFICe (Corean)

Telegraph Manager-Kwan Chai Hyek Postmaster-Cheung Chai-ün

POST OFFICE (Japanese)

Director-J. Sakata Secretary-Y. Kawai Dc. -H. Shinjio

RUSSIAN HOTEL

A. Chijikoff, manager

浦木 Mok-po

Mokpo, which, like Chinnampo, was opened to foreign trade on the 1st October, 1897, in pursuance of a resolution of the Council of State, is a seaport in the province of Chulla, and has an excellent harbour capable of providing anchorage accommodation for thirty or forty vessels of large tonnage. Chulla is a great rice growing district and has the reputation of being the wealthiest province in the country, and Mokpolies at the mouth of a river which drains nearly the whole province. The Consular report for 1898 says:-Mokpo has undergone a great transformation since it was opened eighteen months ago. It then consisted of a few Corean huts surrounded by paddy fields and mud flats. The foreign settlement, which comprises about 225 areas of

The British Government uses over 1,500 REMINGTON Typewriters.

ground, has now nearly all been bought up, and the mud flats are rapidly being converted into a town, with well laid out streets, occupied by about 1,200 Japanese and a number of substantial Chinese residents. A seawall and bundroad, over a mile in length, are in course of construction and will soon be completed. The climate of Mokpo is healthy and salubrious; the scenery much resembles that of South Japan and is picturesque in the extreme. Shooting may be had in perfection, and pheasants, geese, ducks, deer, wild boar and leopards abound. Even tigers will be met with plentifully by those who care to hunt for them. Instances are not at all rare in which pigs, dogs and even men are carried off by these beasts of prey. Many of the natives are experts in training eagles to hunt smaller birds, like pheasants, &c.

According to the report of the British Consul for the year 1902, Mokpo is still suffering from the over-sanguine anticipations which were entertained at the time of its opening, but is growing. The Exports in 1902 amounted to £74,580 and imports to £21,515

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE

Chairman-T. Nishikawa Clerk-K. Tanigaki

15 Members

CONSULATE

Consul-T. Wakamatsu

DIRECTORY

Chancellors-S. Koike, G.Takashima

Corean Steamship CompANY

S.S. "Hyenik," s.s. “Changriong

Kim Pong-kui, agent

Assistant-in-charge — L. A. Hopkins Clerk-Yi Chong-won, Namkung hyek Medical Officer-C. Shimidzu Assistant Examiner-Chow Shih-yung T'waiters-S. Nakamichi, K. Inamasu,

FIRST BANK OF JAPAN (Dai Ichi Ginko, Ld.

T. Nishikawa, agent

Y. Ishikuro, B. Takata, K. Yagi, K.

Hirata, T. Tamaki, clerks

HORI STEAMSHIP COMPANY

S.S. “Keiki,” s.s. "Kyengpo," s.s. “Goyo"

Takeuchi, agent

HOSPITAL-JAPANESE

C. Shimidzu, physician in charge

IMPERIAL KOREAN COMMUNICATION

DEPARTMENT

Postmaster -Pack Chin Su

Telegraph manager-Pack Nak Chin

INSURANCE COMPANIES

Meiji Kasai Hoken Kaisha (Fire)

Dai Ichi Ginko, agent

Tokyo Kaigio Hoken Kaisha (Marine)

Dai Ichi Ginko, agent

Teikoku Kaigio Hoken Kaisha(Marine)

Y. Hagino, agent

Nippon Kaigio Hoken Kaisha (Marine)

T. Kimura, agent

Meiji Seimei Hoken Kaisha (Life)

Y. Fukuda, agent

Teikoku Seimei Hoken Kaisha (Life)

T. Kimura, agent

Nippon Kasai Hok n Kaisha (Fire)

T. Kimura, agent

JAPANESE ASSOCIATION

Chairman-N. Takane

K. KANCHIYAMA, Medical Practitioner

Meiji Life InSURANCE Company

Y. Fukuda, agent

MERCHANTS, Chinese Yee Sun Sing Tong Sing Ho Wo Fung Sing Ko Yee Ho

MOKPO Weekly News

Tai Hing Fo Yung Sing Yuen Fo Tsui Jai

K. Tanigaki, editor and publisher

MERCHANTS-JAPANESE

For Protestant Missions see end of Corean

DIRECTORY

CONSULATES

GREAT BRITAIN CHINA

Consul-Tong Eun Tung

Secty, and Attaché—T. M. Yüchênchi

Vice Consul-N. Someya

Chancellors-S. Tokuya, G. Shimao Inspector of Police-K. Shibanuma

The Russian Government uses over 1,000 REMINGTON Typewriters.

CHINNAMPO-PINGYANG

Assistant-in-charge-C. A. Maasberg Clerks K. M. Hang, T. H. T. H. Cheung Medical Officer-S. Koto Examiner-W. C. Fenton Assistant Examiner-T. T. Ku Tidewaiters--Y. Matsuda, J. Tajima,

DAI ICHI GINKO, LIMITED

T. Kamijima, manager

HORI & Co.

Owners of ships--"Kyenychae,""Kyenpo',

"Dai Tong Kang'

IMPERIAL COrean CommuNICATIONS DEPT.

Postmaster-Kim Yung Chan

Telegraph Manager-Coeng Oh Heung

MISSION ETrangères de PARIS

Père Faurie

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL

Chairman-N. Someya

Members-Ko Yung Chul, Y. T. Tong,

S. Azo, Yu Shing Yen Secretary-T. Mochihara

MUNICIPAL POLICE

Inspector of Police-K. Shibanuma 6 Policemen, Japanese

POST OFFICE, JAPANESE

S. Tojo, director, and 2 clerks

OSAKA SHOSEN KAISHA Keida & Co., agents

S. S. "Shinanogawa Maru”

S. S. "Chikugogawa Maru" S. S. "Futami Maru"

ORIENTAL CONSOLIDATED MINING Co.

Capt. E. S. Barstow, agent

JAPANESE MERCHANTS, &c.

Iwoi & Co.

Keida & Co.

Arai & Co.

First National Bank of Japan Gihei Hamada

Sakubei Uchiyama

Hori-Kiu Steamship Co.

Denkichi Nomura

Tetsusaku Harada

Dr. S. Koto Rev. E. Katano Tsimejiro Matsura R. Himeno

PINGYANG

Pingyang, the capital city of the province of the same name, about 44 miles from the port of Chinnampo, ranks as the third city of the empire. It has been opened as a trad- ing mart, where foreigners may reside, trade, and rent land and houses, according to native rules, anywhere within the limit to be marked off for that purpose. This limit was however ignored, and the Government allowed the matter to slide. No Custom-house will be opened there, all goods to and from Pingyang paying duty for and from abroad at Chinnampo. The foreigners residing at Pingyang comprise twenty-six American and British missionaries, one French missionary, about 150 Japanese, and 60 Chinese. Two steamers under Corean flag keep up communication between Pingyang and the port of Chinnampo, making the trip in about five hours. The famous city of Pingyang with its historical battlefields is well worth a visit, fairly good Japanese house accommodation being procurable. The city is beautifully situated in an extensive plain, on the right bank of the Ta-tong River. To the northward of Pingyang city, about 100 li distant, are situated the American and British mining concessions, where less than 20 years ago the foot of the Occidental had never been allowed to tread; the natives are now quite familiarized with western mining life as it unfolds itself before their eyes. Both mines are worked by foreigners with native help.

REMINGTON TYPEWRITER, 327 Broadway, New York, U. S. A.

CONSULATE-JAPAN

In charge C. Shinjo

PINGYANG-KUNSAN

DIRECTORY

IMPERIAL COREAN COMMUNICATIONS DEPT.

Postmaster-Hwang Chung Yun

Telegraph Manager-Yi Chung Hiung

MISSIONS

For Protestant Missions see end of

Corean Directory

MISSION ETRangères de PARIS

1 French Priest

MUNICIPAL OFFICE

Principal-Y. Ayematsu Chancelier-K. Kamei Inspector of Police-T. Arima

POST OFFICE-IMPERIAL Japanese

Director-I. Hori Clerk-R. Sakane

Kunsan, one of the new ports opened to foreign trade on the 1st May, 1899, is situated at the mouth of the Yong Dang River, which runs for many miles, forming the boundary line between the two provinces of Chulla-do and Chung-Chong-do, on the West Coast of Corea, and lies about halfway between Jenchuan and Mokpo. The two provinces referred to are so noted for their abundant supply of agricultural produce that they are called the magazines of the kingdom. The principal articles of export are: rice, wheat, beans, different kinds of medicines, ox-hides, grasscloth, paper, bamboo articles, fans both open and folding, screens and mats, bicho de mar, dried awabi, with various kinds of fish and seaweed.

The port itself was well known as the export station for the revenue rice, when the Government revenue was paid in rice, and collected in this port for transmission to the capital. The foreign trade in 1902 amounted to £31,756 inexports and £10,522 in imports. Among import goods, shirtings, lawns, cotton yarn, matches, kerosene oil, etc., had already found their way to the port prior to its opening for distribution to different markets, and the importation of these goods has since steadily increased in such a way as to guarantee the future of Kunsan as a port of trade.

DIRECTORY

BEPPOO HOTEL

S. Beppoo, proprietor

CHINESE MERCHANTS

Tong Shun Tai & Co. Kin Sin Tong & Co.

CONSULATE Japan

Acting-Consul-K. Tsuchiya Interpreter-Y. Hosumoto Police Inspector—A. Hatta

Assnt.-in-charge-S. K. Nakabayashi Tidewaiters N. Umemoto, S. Ya-

manouchi

Medical Officer-T. Yukita

JAPANESE MERCHANTS

Hori & Co. (steamship agents)

Ohsawa & Co.

Nukii & Co.

Ohgi & Co.

Nunoi & Co.

Okabe & Co.

Takase & Co.

Ishida & Co. Shimota & Co.

Kanamori & Co.

Ohsawa & Co. (agent for Osaka Shosen

Kanamori & Co.

Shimota & Co.

Ishida & Co.

Takase & Co.

IMPERIAL Korean Communication Dept.

Postmaster--Yi Kiung Sock

Telegraph Manager-Yi Chae Gun

KUNSAN HOSPITAL

Dr. T. Kategiri

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MISSIONS

KUNSAN-SONG CHIN

Chairman-T. Ishida

13 members

For Protestant Missions see end of

Corean Directory

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL-FOREIGN

Members Corean Kamuni and R.

Kadowaki

President-K. Tsuchiya

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL-JAPANESE

Director--T. Chiba

S. Haskimoto

POST OFFICE-IMPERIAL JAPANESE Post Master-T. Tsuchiya

Clerks K. Masuda, S. Ogawa

SONG CHIN

This port is situated on the north-eastern coast of Corea, in the province of North Ham-kiung, about 120 miles from Wonsan. It was opened to foreign trade on the 1st May, 1899. The native town is built close to the beach, and to judge by the ruins of walls and watch towers was once a fortified place. The settlement will occupy the native town and extend beyond to the North. The native inhabitants number about 500. The next market place is about 30 li distant and up country, whilst the main road leading from Seoul to the Tumen river is at a distance of about 10 li. The Custom House is situated near the settlement on the neck of the small peninsula forming one side of the Song Chin bay. Of foreigners there are some 100. The Japanese live in their own houses built in the settlement, but are mostly small shopkeepers and coolies The harbour is a bad one, indeed it is little more than an open roadstead anchorage; from N.E. to S.E. it is quite exposed, and even with a moderate breeze from those quarters communication between ship and shore may have to be suspended. The anchorage is not spacious though very easy of access, and vessels drawing 10 feet or so can lie within a quarter of a mile from the shore. Fogs prevail for the greater part of the year, and the temperature is moderate at all seasons. The country around Song Chin is well under cultivation, principally for beans. Within reasonable distances, it is said, gold, copper and coal may be found, also a very fine white granite. Hot springs, said to be very efficacious for a number of ailments, are at a distance of some 30 li from the settlement. Cattle are very fine and plentiful and can be bought at low rates. A number of Japanese fishing boats are employed along the coast reaping a seemingly good harvest in bicho de mar.

Trade is carried on by small coasting steamers, principally with the port of Wonsan. The exports chiefly consist of beans, cowhides, hemp cloth and bêche de mer, whilst cotton goods, kerosene oil, ironware and matches form the principal items of imports. In 1902 the value of the Exports was £7,338 and that of the imports £762

Consulate―JAPAN

DIRECTORY

Vice-Consul-T. Kawakami Police Inspector-K. Takahashi

CUSTOMS-

Commissioner-C. E. S. Wakefield

Assistant-in-charge—M. K. Iwashita Clerk-Yi He-tok

Tidewaiter-K. Mutsu

GRINEFF, Z. P.,

Agencies

Chinese Eastern Railway Co. S. S.

Pacific Whaling and Fishery Joint

Stock Co. of Count-H. H. Keyzerling

Pacific Steamship Co. "Energia

IMPERIAL KOREAN COMMUNICATION DE-

PARTMENT

Postmaster-Yi Chun Yong

Telegraph Manager-Pack Sin Gin

POST OFFICE-

Postmaster-Y. Ikuhashi

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PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN COREA

AMERICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL

MISSION (SOUTH)

Rev. C. T. Collyer and wife, Song-do(absent) Rev. C. G. Hounshell and wife, do.

Rev. E. M. Cable and wife Miss Mary R. Hillman Miss Lula A. Miller

Rev. C. D. Morris

PINGYANG

Rev. W. A. Noble, presiding elder of

North Corea district

Dr. E. D. Follwell and wife

Miss Fannie Hinds,

Miss Sadie B. Harbaugh,

Rev.R.A.Hardie, M.D.,&wife, Wonsan

Dr. Joel B. Ross, M.D.,

Mrs. R. S. Hall, M.D.

Miss Arrena Carroll,

Miss Ethel M. Estey

Miss Mary Knowles,

Miss Sara H. Miller

Rev. J. R. Moore and wife, Seoul

Mrs. J. P. Campbell

Rev. C. F. Ried, D.D. (absent)

AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN MISSION (SOUTH)

Rev. W. D. Reynolds and wife, Seoul

Rev. W. M. Junkin and wife, Kunsan Rev. L. B. Tate,

BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY

Alex Kenmure, agent

CANADIAN PRESBYTERIAN

MISSION WONSAN

Dr. Kate McMillan

Rev. W. B. Harrison,

Rev. W. R. Foote and wife

Rev. L. O. M'Cutchen,

Rev. D. McRae and wife

Rev. Becker and wife, Mokpo

Miss McCully

Miss F. R. Straeffer,

Miss M. S. Tate,

Miss M. D. Ingold, M.D.,

Miss A. J. Alexander, M.D., Kunsan

AMERICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL

CHURCH MISSION

Rev. W. C. Swearer, presiding elder of

South Corea district

Rev. D. A. Bunker and wife (absent)

Rev. S. A. Beck and wife

Rev. W. B. McGill and wife

Mr. J. Chew

Miss Josephine O. Paine

Miss Lulu E. Frey

Miss Mary M. Cutler, M.D. Miss M. J. Edmunds

Mrs. Esther K. Pak, M.D.

Miss Nellie Pierce

Miss E. Ernsberger, M.D.

Miss Alice J. Hammond

Miss Ella A. Lewis

CHEMULPO

Miss L. C. Rothweiler, do.

Rev. G. Heber Jones, presiding elder of

West Corea district

Mrs. G. Heber Jones (absent)

Rev. A. F. Robb and wife

SONGCHIN

Dr. R. Grierson and wife

CHURCH OF ENGLAND (S.P.G.) SEOUL

Rt. Rev. Bishop C. J. Corfe, D.d.

Rev. A. B. Turner (absent)

Rev. Cuerney

Dr. E. H. Baldock

Mrs. E. H. Baldock, M.D.

Mr. H. E. Charlesworth

Miss R. Robinson

Miss Pooley

Community of St. Peter, Seoul Sisters Nora (in charge), Alma, and Barbara CHEMULPO

Rev. H. J. Drake, s.s.M.

Rev. C. Steenbuch and wife

Rev. G. A. Bridle

Rev. J. S. Badcock (absent)

Rev. M. N. Trollope (absent)

H. Pearson, 8.8.M.

A. F. Laws

Community of St. Peter, Kanghoa Sisters Rosalie (in charge), Margaretta

and Isabel

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PROTESTANT MISSIONARIES IN COREA

INDPEENDENT

H. G. Brand and wife, Seoul M. C. Fenwick, Gensan

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH

IN U. S. A. SEOUL

Rev. H. G. Underwood and wife Rev. J. S. Gale

Dr. C. C. Vinton and wife

Dr. O. R. Avison and wife

Miss S. A. Doty

Miss K. C. Wambold

Miss E. H. Field, M.D.

Rev. C. E. Sharp and wife Rev. A. G. Welbon and wife Miss M. Barrett

Rev. E. H. Miller

PINGYANG

Rev. S. A. Moffett, D.D., and wife Rev. Graham Lee and wife Rev. W. L. Swallen and wife

Rev. W. M. Baird and wife

Dr. J. H. Wells and wife

Miss M. Best

Rev. W. B. Hunt and wife

Rev. C. F. Bernheisel

Miss E. M. Howell

Miss V. L. Snook

Rev. W. N. Blair and wife

Miss M. M. Henry

Dr. C. H. Irvin, M.D., and wife Rev. R. H. Sidebotham and wife

Rev. J. E. Adams and wife Dr. W. O. Johnson and wife Rev. M. W. Bruen and wife Rev. W. M. Barrett

SUN-CHUN

Rev. N. C. Whittemore

A. M. Sharrocks, M.D., and wife Rev. C. Ross and wife

Rev. C. E. Kearns and wife Miss E. L. Shields Miss M. L. Chase

PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF

VICTORIA

Rev. A. Adamson and wife Dr. Hugh Currell and wife

PRESBYTERIAN WOMEN'S MISSIONARY UNION

Rev. G. Engel and wife

Miss B. Menzies

Miss A. Brown

WOMEN'S FOREIGN MISSIONARY SOCIETY OF THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH

Miss H. Robbins

Miss J. O. Paine

Miss Lulu E. Frey

Miss N. Pierce

Miss E. Ernsberger, M.D.

Mrs. W. J. Hall, M.D., Pingyang

Mrs. E. Kim Pak, M.D.,

Miss E. A. Lewis

Miss L. C. Rothweiler (absent) Miss Mary M. Cutler, M.D.

Miss Mary R. Hillman, Chemulpo Miss Lula A. Miller,

Miss Ethel M. Estey, Pingyang

Miss Sara H. Miller,

Miss Alice J. Hammond, Seoul

Miss Margaret J. Edmonds, do.

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REIGNING SOVEREIGN AND FAMILY

Kuang Sü, Emperor of China, is the son of Prince Chun, the seventh son of the Emperor Tao Kuang. He succeeded his cousin, the late Emperor Tung Chi, who died without issue on the 12th January, 1875, from small-pox.

The proclamation announcing the accession of the present sovereign was as follows:- Whereas His Majesty the Emperor has ascended upon the Dragon to be a guest on high, without offspring born to his inheritance, no course has been open but that of causing Tsai Tien, son of the Prince of Ch'un, to become adopted as the son of the Emperor Wêng Tsung Hien (Hien Fung) and to enter upon the inheritance of the great dynastic line as Emperor by succession. Therefore, let Tsai Tien, son of Yih Huan, the Prince of Ch'un, become adopted as the son of the Emperor Wên Tsung Hien, and enter upon the inheritance of the great dynastic line as Emperor by succession. The present sovereign is the ninth Emperor of China of the Manchu dynasty of Ta-tsing (Sublime Purity), which succeeded the native dynasty of Ming in the year 1644. There exists no law of hereditary succession to the throne, but it is left to each sovereign to appoint his successor from among the members of his family. The late Emperor, dying suddenly, in the eighteenth year of his age, did not designate a successor, and it was in consequence of palace intrigue, directed by the Empress Dowager, in concert with Prince Ch'un, that the infant son of the latter was declared Emperor. The Emperor Kuang Sü was born in 1871, assumed the reins of Government in February, 1887, was married on the 26th February, 1889, to Yeh-ho-na-la, niece of the Empress Dowager, and his enthronement took place on the 4th March following. On the 21st September, 1898, a Palace revolution took place and the Empress Dowager again assumed the regency, nominally on the ground of the Emperor's ill-health, and she has since ruled in the Emperor's name.

GOVERNMENT and REVENUE

The fundamental laws of the empire are laid down in the Ta-tsing Huei-tien, or Collected Regulations of the Great Pure Dynasty, which prescribe the government of the State as based upon the government of the family. The Emperor is spiritual as well as temporal sovereign, and, as high priest of the Empire, can alone, with his immediate representatives and ministers, perform the great religious ceremonies. No ecclesiastical hierarchy is maintained at the public expense, nor any priesthood attached to the Confucian or State religion.

The administration of the empire is under the supreme direction of the Interior Council Chamber, comprising four members, two of Manchu and two of Chinese origin, besides two assistants from the Han-lin, or Great College, who have to see that nothing is done contrary to the civil and religious laws of the empire, contained in the Ta-tsing Huei-tien and in the sacred books of Confucius. These members are denominated Ta Hsio-sz, or Ministers of State. Under their orders are the Li Pu or seven boards of government, each of which is presided over by a Manchu and Chinese. They are:-(1) The Li Pu Board of Civil Appointment, which takes cognisance of the conduct and administration of all civil officers; (2) The Hu Pu Board of Revenue, regulating all financial affairs; (3) The Li Pu Board of Rites and Ceremonies, which enforces the laws and customs to be observed by the people; (4) The Ping Pu or Military Board, superintending the administration of the army; (5) The Kung PuI or Board of Public Works; (6) The Board of Punishments, or Hsing Pui and (7) The Board of Admiralty or Hai Pu. To these must be added the Tsung-li Yamên,

the reconstructed institution, or to call it by its new name (1901) the Wai Pu . Its functions are those of a Foreign Office. Indepen-

B. dent of the Government, and theoretically above the central administration, is the Tu-cha Yuan, or Board of Public Censors. It consists of from 40 to 50 members, under two presidents, the one of Manchu and the other of Chinese birth. By the ancient custom of the empire, all the members of this board are privileged to present any remonstrance to the sovereign. One censor must be present at the meeting of each of the six government boards.

The amount of the public revenue of China is not known, and estimates concerning it vary greatly. The Imperial Maritime Customs receipts form the only item upon which exact figures are obtainable, and these for the year 1902 amounted to Tis.30,007,044. Mr. E. A. Parker, formerly of the British Consular Service, in 1896 published the following estimate of the receipts from the other principal sources:-Land tax

Tls. 20,000,000, Salt Tls. 10,000,000, Lekin Tls. 15,000,000, Native Customs Tls. 3,000,000, Miscellaneous Tls. 3,000,000. In addition the grain tribute may also be estimated at Tls. 3,000,000, making a total estimated revenue of Tls. 84,000,000. The amounts given above are those supposed to be accounted for to the Government, but very much larger amounts are raised from the people and absorbed by the officials in the way of peculation. With the significant exception of the Maritime Customs, which is under foreign control, no item of revenue shows any elasticity. The land tax, salt revenue, Lekin or Native Customs, are all about the same figures as they were ten years ago, although it is a matter of common notoriety that these sources of revenue have increased indefinitely. Many modifications were imminent in 1901 in the fiscal plans of both the central and provisional governments to enable China to meet the obligations created by the indemnity paid to the Powers on account of the Boxer rising in 1900. In some districts Lekin and Native Customs are to come under the control of the Imperial Maritime Customs and hypothecations will be made on the salt revenues. The tariff is to be raised to an effective 5 per cent. ad valorem. These innovations will obtain till 1940, when the amortization of China's obligations will be complete.

China had no foreign debt till the end of 1874, when a loan of £627,675, bearing 8 per cent. interest, was contracted through the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, under Imperial authority, and secured by the Customs' revenue. Afterwards a number of other loans, of comparatively moderate amount, were contracted, mostly through the agency of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, and several of them have been paid off. Up to 1894 the total foreign debt of China was inconsiderable, but since then extensive borrowings have had to be made to meet the expenses of the war with Japan and the indemnity, which was Tls. 200,000,000 (at exchange of 3s. 31d.), with a further Tis. 20,000,000 for the retrocession of the Liaotung Peninsula. The last instalment was paid in 1898, and the total indebtedness of the country up to 1900 was £55,755,000, the princi- pal loans being the Russian of 1895, the Anglo-German of 1896, and the Anglo-German of 1898, each of £16,000,000. Recently several minor loans, amounting in all to less than £4,000,000, have been contracted through the agency of the foreign banks for the purposes of railway construction. It is but fair to say that these loans have been devoted to their purpose, and will automatically redeem themselves if efficient manage- ment of the lines be assured. In some cases the lines have been hypothecated to the banks as security, and these institutions have nominated a foreign accountant. The country's obligations in 1901 have been increased by a sum of Tls. 450,000,000, the amount of the indemnity paid to the Powers to meet (1) the expenses of the Expeditionary Forces, and (2) claims for compensation for losses to missions, corporations, individuals, &c.

AREA AND POPULATION

China proper, extending over 1,336,841 English square miles, is divided into eighteen provinces, the area and population of which are given below, the figures with an being from Chinese official data for 1882, those with a † from the data of 1879, and Fohkien being estimated on the basis of the census of 1844:-

Estimated Popultn. per

Province

Provincial Capital

Area English Square Miles

Population Square Mile

Chihli +

17,937,000

Shantung

36,247,835

Shansi *

Taiyuen.

12,211,453

Kaifung.

22,115,827

Kiangsu *

92,961 {

20,905,171

20,596,288

Kiangsi +

Nanchang

21,534,118

Chekiang *

Hangchow

11,588,692

Fohkien.

22,190,556

Changchau

144,770 {

22,190,556

21,002,604

Shensi †

8,432,193

Kansuh +

9,285,377

Szechuen *

Chingtu.

67,712,897

Kwangtung*

29,706,249

Kwangsi +

5,151,327

Kweichau +

Kweiyang

7,669,181

Yunnan t

11,721,576

1,312,328

383,253,029

It is to be noted that the Chinese census, following all Oriental methods of calculation, is not to be trusted. There is no subject on which foreign and native statisticians are more contentious than that of the Chinese population. Experts vary in their estimates between 250,000,000 and 440,000,000.

The total number of foreigners in China in 1898 was 13,421, of whom 5,148 were subjects of Great Britain, 2,056 of the United States, 920 of France, 1,043 of Germany, 200 of Sweden and Norway, 141 of Italy, 395 of Spain, 162 of Denmark, 1,694 of Japan, and 1,082 Portuguese, almost entirely natives of Macao, all other nationalities being represented by very few members. Of 773 mercantile firms doing business at the treaty ports, 398 were British, 107 German, 43 American, and 37 French.

The principal dependencies of China are Mongolia, with an area of 1,288,035 square miles, and some 2,000,000 people; and Manchuria, with an area of 362,313 square miles, and an estimated population of 15,000,000. The latter, which is at present largely under Russian military occupation, is being steadily and rapidly colonised by Chinese, who greatly outnumber the Manchus in their own land. Thibet, which is also practically a dependency of China, has an area of 643,734 square miles and a population of 6,000,000 souls. It is ruled by the Dalai Lama, but subject to the Government of Peking, who maintain a Resident at Lhassa.

ARMY AND NAVY

The standing military force of China consists of two great divisions, the first formed by the more immediate subjects of the ruling dynasty, the Manchus, and the second by the Chinese and other subject races. The first, the main force upon which the Imperial Government can rely, form the so-called troops of the Eight Banners; they garrison all the great cities in such a manner as to be separated by walls and forts from the population. According to the latest but entirely untrustworthy reports, the Imperial army comprises a total of 850,000 men, including 678 companies of Tartar troops, 211 companies of Mongols, and native Chinese infantry, a kind of militia, numbering 120,000 men, but these figures, derived from Native sources, are altogether untrustworthy. In organization, equipment, personnel and commissariat, the Army is utterly inefficient, and with the exception of a few brigades of foreign-drilled troops is little better than rabble as far as concerns opposition to European, Indian or Japanese troops. The native soldiers do not as a rule live in barracks but in their own houses, mostly pursuing some civil occupation. The Army of Chih-li, undoubtedly the best in the whole Empire, utterly failed to withstand the foreign troops in 1900 except in the cases when the disparity in numbers was over five to one. Disorganisation was supreme: although the arsenals around Tientsin and Peking were known to contain more than 200 modern field guns and to be replete with machine weapons, very few were forth- coming in the day of battle. These arsenals, together with the forts at Taku, and all camps and fortifications between Peking and the Sea, have now been demolished. The Chinese navy consisted, prior to the Franco-Chinese war of 1884, mainly of small gunboats built at the Mamoi Arsenal, Foochow, and__at_Shanghai, on the foreign model, but was

but was afterwards greatly strengthened. Five ships were lost, however, in the battle of the Yalu, when the Japanese inflicted a severe defeat upon the Chinese, and the remainder of the fleet was captured or destroyed at the taking of Weihaiwei in February, 1895. Three cruisers of 2,950 tons displacement were secured in 1895 from the Vulcan Works at Stetten, and two very fine Elswick sloops of the same size were added in 1899. These, with two corvettes and two training vessels, supplemented by four Elbau "destroyers," comprised the Pei Yang Squadron or Northern Fleet. These vessels might be of real value for conveying troop- ships, shelling rebellious towns, &c., but as the Chinese have no naval base and no docking facilities in Northern waters, and as the ships are ill-found and with indifferent personnel, they would be of little use against a resolute foreign enemy. The destroyers were captured at Taku on June 17th, 1900, by the British "destroyers" Fame and Whiting, and appropriated by the allies. The Chinese flagship at the Bar while not actually seized was rendered useless by removing the breech-blocks of the guns and by being placed under rigorous supervision. The remainder of the Fleet fled to the Yang-tse.

TRADE AND INDUSTRY

The ports open to trade are:-Newchwang, Tientsin, Chefoo, Shanghai, Soochow, Chinkiang, Nanking, Wuhu, Kewkiang, Hankow, Yochow, Shasi, Ichang, Chungking, Hangchow, Ningpo, Wênchow, Santu, Foochow, Amoy, Swatow, Canton, Samshui Wuchow, Nanning, Kiungchow, and Pakhoi. Lungchow, Mentszu, Szemao and Hokeow, on the frontiers of Tonkin and Burmah, are stations under the cognisance of the Foreign Customs. The import trade, exclusive of the Colony of Hongkong, centres chiefly at Shanghai, Canton, and Tientsin, while the bulk of the exports pass

through the ports of Shanghai, Hankow, Foochow, and Canton. The annual value of the trade of China coming under the supervision of the Imperial Maritime Customs was as follows:

Net Imports from Foreign Countries. 1898...Hk. Tls. 209,579,334 264,748,456

Net Exports to Foreign Countries.

Total of Foreign trade.

Net Imports of Native Goods

Hk. Tls. 159,037,149 Hk. Tls. 368,616,483 Hk. Tls. 101,680,963

195,784,832

460,533,288

132,969,143

211,070,422

268,302,918

315,363,905

158,996,752 169,656,757 214,181,584

370,067,174 437,959,675 529,545,489

108,036,714 125,454,462 136,159,955

1902 equals at

Ex. 1.51, Mex. $476,199,496

Ex. 28. 7td., £41,063,008

Mex. $323,414,192 Mex. $799,613,688

£27,888,227

£68,951,235

Mex. $205,752,933

£17,742,182

The following was the net value of commodities imported direct from and exported direct to Foreign Countries in 1902. These figures do not include the trade carried on with neighbouring countries in Chinese junks, which does not come within the control of the Foreign Customs:-

Hongkong

....Hk. Tls. 133,524,169

82,657,375

216,181,544

Great Britain

57,624,610

10,344,375

67,968,985

Japan (including Formosa)

35,342,283 28,728,294

64,070,577

Continent of Europe, except Russia... United States of America.

18,484,678

39,728,637

58,213,315

30,138,713

24,940,152

55,078,865

33,037,439

2,832,274

35,869,713

Russia, Siberia and Russian Manchuria... Straits and other British Colonies.... Macao

1,234,534

10,911,606

12,146,140

7,243,275

3,600,107

10,843,382

2,490,550

4,972,068

7,462,618

6,426,060

5,466,696

11,892,756

Other Foreign Countries

325,546,311 214,181,584 539,727,895

Imports to the amount of Hk. Tls. 10,182,406 were re-exported to foreign countries; namely, to America Tls. 3,627,965, to Corea Tls. 2,120,465 to Japan (including Formosa), Tls. 676,597 to Straits and Java Tls. 481,282, to Hongkong Tls. 2,390,310, to other countries Tls 885,787.

The following were the values of imports from foreign countries in 1902, exclusive of re-exports to foreign countries: - Cotton Goods ...... .Hk. Tls. 127,545,309

35,456,656

Timber Dyes, Aniline

................Hk. Tls. 2,295,240

2,180,992

23,611,125 Cigars and Cigarettes

1,999,119

20,711,516

Sandalwood

1,669,202

Kerosine Oil....

11,563,852 Ginseng

1,614,989

10,574,928 Wine, Beer, Spirits..

1,500,450

6,843,188 Clothing, Hats, etc.

1,257,011

Woollen Goods...

3,921,173 Soap and Perfumery

1,232,983

Cotton, Raw...

3,857,507 Medicines

1,232,007

3,844,319

Household Stores

1,199,207

Fish & Fishery Products

3,828,810 Sundries.....

41,420,849

Matches......

Bêche de Mer & Seaweed

3,585,187 2,418,286

Total.........315,363,905

The Exports to foreign countries, exclusive of re-export of foreign goods, were :- Silk, Raw, Ref. & Cocoons Hk. Tls. 68,954,140 Sugar..

Hk. Tls. 2,304,473

22,859,829 Tobacco..

Cotton, Raw....

Silk Piece Goods........

13,161,051 Medicines. 10,258,067 Hemp...

2,195,451 1,935,299

1,875,713

Beans and Beancake......

Hides, Horns & Bristles..

Skins and Rugs...

Seed, Sesamum

Mats and Matting.

9,781,717 China, E'ware, Pottery.. 7,524,489 Clothing, Boots & Shoes.. 5,268,372 Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats 4,184,943 Fire-crackers & Firework 3,969,224 Tallow

1,852,686

1,850,587

1,803,252

1,710,355

1,657,269

Strawbraid.

3,904,092 Sundries...

Sundries........

34,844,761

Oil, Vegetable...

3,486,031

3,098,055

Total......... 214,181,584

Provisions & Vegetables.

2,880,969

Wool.....

2,820,822

Goods to the value of Tls. 65,078,885 were conveyed to, and to the value of Tls. 21,758,529 were brought from, the interior under transit passes.

The total carrying trade, foreign and coastwise, was divided amongst the different flags as under (the Russian including tea carried overland viâ Kiakhta):-

Entries and Clearances

Percentages Tonnage Duties

British.....

26,950,202 Tls. 631,898,843

Japanese.

7,350,515

106,284,821

7,220,146

119,286,529

French..

33,158,573

American

12,512,848

16,336,048

Swedish and Norwegian

19,206,881

Other Countries

7,413,736

9,431,082

387,047,225

53,990,002

1,333,145,504

The vessels entered and cleared in 1902 were made up of 58,086 Steamers of 52,806,393 tons, and 11,413 Sailing Vessels of 1,183,609 tons.

The gross Coast trade in vessels of foreign build amounted to Tls. 365,363,074 outward, and Tls. 417,872,129 inward, the net native imports (that is goods not re-ex- ported) at the Treaty Ports being Tls. 136,259,955, and the exports to Treaty Ports Tls. 103,988,734.

The Imperial Maritime Customs revenue for the same year amounted to Haikwan Taels 30,007,044, and was derived from

Foreign Native..

Imports Exports Coast T'de Opium Duty. Duty. Duty. Duty.

959,907 1,306,599 575,426 784,058

9,808,595 6,729,748 1,041,834 2,225,383

Opium T'nage Transit Lekin. Dues. Dues. 3,475,102 867,342 625,701 53,569

1,227,978 325,802

.10,850,429 8,955,131 1,535,333 2,090,657 4,100,803 920,911 1,553,780 Mr. F. E. Taylor, Statistical Secretary to the Imperial Martime Customs, in his report on the Foreign Trade of China for 1902, says:-

"Conditions were not altogether favourable to commerce. A very severe outbreak of cholera throughout almost the whole Empire; droughts followed by floods in the South, where a rebellion is not yet suppressed; and a want of confidence in the northern provinces,-all had a retarding influence. The fall in exchange had no immediate effect in checking imports, as contracts are made some months in advance; and, as exchange declined steadily throughout the year, with the exception of a faint recovery during the summer, native dealers were ready to close rather than risk a further rise in silver prices. The experience of the past shows that the import trade has progressed in spite of a falling exchange, and presumably it will gradually accom- modate itsself to a new scale of prices; but a fall of 20 per cent. in one year cannot fail to be a disturbing factor which may make itself felt in 1903. The estimated value of the foreign trade, import and export, was Hk. Tls. 529,545,489, a figure never before reached.

"Imports.-The value of the net imports was estimated at Hk. Tls. 315,363,905, and this value, owing to the operation of the 5 per cent. ad valorem duty collected during 10 months of the year, may be taken as approximately correct. It is a large advance on any previous year and should reassure those who imagine that China is becoming poorer.

"The importation of Opium was 50,801 piculs-again a small advance. The demand throughout the year was brisk, especially for the Bengal varieties, although the fall in exchange forced up prices. The consumption of Malwa fell off, partly owing to its dearness and partly owing to its extensive adulteration in China with the native drug. The crop of Szechuen Opium was short, and the disturbances in that province interfered for a time with its free movement; this raised the price and assisted Indian Opium in the difficulties caused by exchange.

"The value of Cotton Goods of all kinds imported was estimated at Hk. Tls. 127,545,300, as compared with Hk. Tls. 99,651,999 during 1901, and nearly all the principal staples shared in the increase. Large purchases were made towards the end of the previous year to replenish depleted stocks and prepare for the expected revival of trade in the northern markets, and the arrivals during 1902 were so heavy that a considerable quantity remained in the godowns of the Foreign importers at the end of

the year. Grey Shirtings rose from 4,121,655 to 6,317,698 pieces; White Shirtings, from 2,476,846 to 2,743,104 pieces. T-Cloths of all kinds advanced, especially Indian, which rose from 15,320 to 126,485 pieces. There was a good demand for Drills, and English Jeans made the astonishing advance from 41,083 to 360,858 pieces, while Dutch and American about doubled. Sheetings also found an increased enquiry, the American trade going ahead as usual. It is interesting to note, and is not without significance, that Japanese Drills rose from 23 to 11,620 pieces, and Japanese Sheetings, from 13,006 to 115,366 pieces. Chintzes, etc., were nearly trebled in quantity, Twills doubled, and Turkey Reds rose from 192,930 to 276,996 pieces. Handkerchiefs and Towels showed satisfactory advance. English Cotton Yarn continued its downward course and has now fallen to 32,351 piculs, while Indian has reached 1,887,086 piculs, and Japanese, 522,408 piculs.

"The trade in Woollen Goods showed that the improvement of the previous year was only temporary, and the importation fell off again.

"Metals were valued at Hk. Tls. 10,574,928, about the same as in 1901, and the trade presented no special features of interest except an increase in the importation of Copper, presumably for the coinage of the new cash.

Sundries were valued at Hk. Tls. 136,948,982, or about 17 millions higher than in 1901. The import of Rice was doubled owing to bad crops in the South, and was valued at Hk. Tls. 23,611,125. Morphia was again imported in larger quantities, but it is to be hoped that this was not due to increased deamand, but to the higher duty soon to come into force. Cement, Clocks and Watches, Aniline Dyes, Window Glass, Japan Matches, Needles. and Sugar of all kinds all show progress. On the other hand Kerosene Oil, with the exception of the Oil from Borneo, shows decreases, Russian Oil having fallen to 10,105,886 gallons from 32,486,070 gallons, thus losing the ground gained during the last 10 years.

Exports.-The value of Exports was estimated at Hk. Tls. 214,181,584, or Hk. Tls. 44,524,827 higher than in 1901. There is reason to believe that the trade might safely be estimated at a considerably higher figure, as the values adopted at the ports for Returns purposes appear in many instances to be too low. The export of Sesamum Seed, an increasing trade, rose from 297,365 to 882,302 piculs, due to the opening up of new country by the southern section of the Lu-Han Railway. Beancake and Beans (for which there is a large demand from Japan) Bristles, Cassia Lignea, Feathers, Hemp, Hides, Nutgalls, Oils, Rhubarb, Animal Tallow, Tobacco and Wood all showed satis- factory advances. The demand for Straw Braid continues to improve. There was a large export of Raw Cotton to Japan, whence it returns in the shape of Yarn, which is able to compete with the heavily taxed home-made product. The shrinkage in Mats, from 33,334,410 to 24,002,140 pieces, is said to be due to quantities passing through Kwangchow-wan by steamer under French flag to Macao, thus not passing through the Returns of the Customs. The falling-off in Rush Hats from 7,158,982 to 3,053,378 pieces was due to a smaller demand for these goods, which are being replaced especially in America, by hats made of wood shavings (Hinoki) imported from Japan and plaited in Ningpo.

"Although the quality showed some improvement as compared with that of 1901, there seems a consensus of opinion amongst experts that the Teas from all districts, except Ichang, have fallen off deplorably in quality and style during the last 20 years. The Chinese will take no advice and refuse to listen to any suggestions regarding change in cultivation and manufacture, while their great rivals in India and Ceylon pay the closest attention to all details and are ever on the look-out for improvements. Strong representations made in the spring induced the Chinese Government to reduce the Export Duty to one-half, but it still remains too high, being at least 12 per cent. on Conimon Teas; and, as lekin and other internal taxes were not interfered with, although in some districts they almost equalled the Export Duty, it is to be feared that this half-hearted step towards putting China Teas on a level with untaxed competitors will not be of much benefit to the trade. The transport of some 3 millions of pounds by the Siberian Railway was a new departure which will be watched with great interest, and one which might lead to important developments if the Chinese could be induced to pay more attention to quality. Some reduction in the heavy import duty charged in Russia would be of great assistance to the trade, expecially as Russia is now the principal purchaser of Black Teas. The total export of all kinds of Tea was about 31 per cent. higher than in 1901; but the shipments to Great Britain showed no improvement, although the deliveries from bond in London from June to December were better by 3 millions of pounds. The United States took 168,501 piculs of Black Tea, as against 96,820 piculs in the previous year, and 126,196 piculs of Green

Tea, as against 86,747 piculs. This is explained by the fact that the War Tax of 10 gold cents per pound was to be removed on the 1st January, 1903, and stocks had been reduced to a minimum to escape the expense of bonding. Moreover, it is anticipated that lower prices in consequence of the removal of the Duty will increase the demand. Black Tea, via Kiakhta, rose from 17,705 to 66,464 piculs, presumably because the route was safe again after the late disturbances. The export of Brick Tea showed a considerable advance, Black Brick having improved from 244,565 to 483,105 piculs, and Green Brick from 48,957 to 86,932 piculs. Congou Tea consumed east of Irkutsk was formerly free from Duty, which has now been imposed; the consequence has been that its place is being taken by Brick Tea, of which a finer quality is now demanded. Ceylon Dust, which is blacker in colour than China Dust, is imported to improve the quality and appearance of the Bricks.

appearance of the Bricks. It may be mentioned that the export of Green Tea from Ceylon to the United States, which was till lately the monopoly of China, rose from 797,796 pounds in 1901 to 1,968,456 pounds in 1902. It is to be regretted that the Chinese Government and the Tea Guilds do not take more energetic measures to assist this valuable but moribund trade.

"The year was not favourable to the Silk industry. Warm weather in the early part of April hatched the eggs before the mulberry leaves were ready, and a large proportion of the young worms had to be destroyed. The weather during the rearing season was damp and cold, and the surviving worms, enfeebled by the disease which nothing has been done to check, and having no proper protection against variations in temperature, yielded a crop of silk poor in quality and quantity.

The second crop,

produced under more favourable conditions as regards weather, turned out unusually well; but the total production is said to have been very short of the average. Owing to a steady demand from Europe and America, the short outturn, and the fall in exchange, prices rose so much that the silver value of the trade exceeded that of the previous year. Steam filatures began the year under unfortunate cirumstances, as the owners had made contracts for cocoons at reasonable prices early in March and April, and, having sold part of their production forward at prices yielding a fair profit, found the cocoon contractors unable to carry out their contracts, owing to the unprecedented prices asked for cocoons by the farmers. Fortunately, cocoons of the second crop were obtained at comparatively cheap rates, so that the final result of the year's worknig was fairly satisfactory."

Although China is traversed in all directions by roads, they are usually mere tracks, or at best footpaths, along which the transport of goods is a tedious and difficult undertaking. It was owing to the imperfect means of communication that such a fearful mortality attended the last famines in Shansi, Honan, and Shantung, as well as the famine in Kiangsi last year when the scarcity of food was so great that in numberless instances men even publicly sold their wives and children to escape the responsibility for feeding them which they were powerless to meet. The enormous mineral wealth of Shansi is practically non-existent for the same reason. A vast internal trade is, however, carried on over the roads, and by means of numerous canals and navigable rivers. The most populous part of China is singularly well adapted for the construction of a network of railways, and a first attempt to introduce them into the country was made in 1876, when a line from Shanghai to Woosung, ten miles in length, was constructed by an English company. The little rail- way was subsequently purchased by the Chinese Government and closed by them on the 21st October, 1877. Since that time the principle of railways has been fully accepted. The railway from Shanghai to Woosung was re-opened in 1898, as forming part of a line to Soochow which the provincial authorities had obtained permission of the Throne to construct. Several important lines are now in course of construction while some are already in operation. A tramway a few miles in length, begun in 1881 to carry coal from the Kaiping coal mines, near Tongshan, to the canal bank, has been extended to Tientsin and Taku on the one hand, and to Kin- chow and Newchwang on the Gulf of Liao-tung, on the other. This road was only completed in the early part of 1900, and during the summer months was, between Kinchow and Newchwang, largely destroyed by the Chinese so as to preclude the advance of Russian forces on Peking viâ Manchuria. It is at present broken for a distance of some thirty miles eastwards of Kinchow. A line from Peking to Tientsin was opened in 1897, the Peking terminus being at Machiapu, a point two miles from the Tartar city, whence a short electric line connects it with one of the principal gates; the traffic developed so rapidly that in 1898-9 the line had to be doubled. From Lukouchiao (or Marco Polo's Bridge) a line of about eighty miles in length has been constructed southward to Paotingfu, the capital of the

province of Chihli; this line, in October, 1899, was handed over by the British con- structors to the Belgian Syndicate as an integral factor in the great trans-continental road from Peking to Hankow. These roads were all more or less deliberately and in some parts completely destroyed by the Chinese during 1900. The Railways, as foreign innovations, were particularly hateful to the Boxers, who in many cases attacked the lines with a fury as intense as it was insensate; burning the stations, destroying bridges, firing the sleepers and carrying off the metals. Later on, track destruction was a strong feature of the strategy of the Imperial troops, and from their point of view wisely so. It was the cutting of the Railway that was the sole cause of Admiral Seymour's failure in his gallant attempt to rescue the Legations. All the lines in North China were attacked and badly cut: their repair was the first duty of the Allies and most of the damage is now being made good. The terminus at Peking has been brought inside the Chinese City and is at the Chien Meu or Southern Gate of the Manchu City. A branch line has been made from this terminus to Tung Chow, the head of the waterways; and both the French and Germans have pushed on the trunk lines being built under their exclusive auspices in Chihli and Honan, and in Shantung respectively. Railway vandalism was the first evidence of the savagery and magnitude of the Boxer sedition. It is significant that the Imperial Government was so inert in protecting its own property.

A line from Shanghai to Woosung, some fourteen miles in length, was opened in 1898, twenty-one years after the first line between the same termini was torn up. A contract has been let to a Belgian Syndicate for the construction of a trunk line of about 650 miles in length from Hankow to Paotingfu, where it joins the existing Paotingfu and Lukoachiao line, thus giving through communication with Peking. Work has been carried well into Honan, where the bridging of the Yellow River and the crossing of the Fuh Niw Mountains in Honan, may offer some engineering difficulties, but next year ought to see the completion of this im- portant trunk line. The American-China Development Company has a concession for the construction of a line from Wuchang, on the southern bank of the Yangtsze immediately opposite to Hankow, to Canton, and the opening of the present year sees the work of construction begun at both ends of the line. Last November the Company opened a branch line from Canton to Fatshan, and are continuing the line to Samshui. The British-Chinese Corporation has a concession for a line connecting Canton with Kowloon. German concessionnaires have secured the right to construct two lines from the German Settlement at Kiaochau to Chinanfu and Ichou in the interior of the Shan- tung province, and an Anglo-German Syndicate has been authorised to make a line from Tientsin to Chinkiang, the Germans having charge of the northern portion of the undertaking and the British of the southern. The British-Chinese Syndicate, which has now amalgamated with the Pekin Syndicate, has secured the right to construct a line from Shanghai via Soochow to Nanking and north-westward to join the Lu-Han line (as the Hankow-Peking line is called), and also a line from Soochow via Hangchow to Ningpo. A line from Canton to Chengtu, the provincial capital of Szechuen, has also been mentioned. Surveys have been conducted with a view of finding a practicable route for a railway to connect Burmah with the Yangtsze region in Szechuen, and it is anticipated that a definite project for such a line will shortly be launched. The French have secured a concession for a line from Laokay, near the Tonkin frontier, to Yunnan, and tenders for the execution of the work have been called for. The French also secured concessions for lines from Lungchow to Nanning and from Nanning to Pakhoi, but it is doubtful whether these will be carried out, as their tendency would be to divert trade from the French colony to the West River route. Indeed, the proposed railway from Pakhoi to Nanning appears to have been abandoned, and it is probable that one from Kwanchouwan, through the Yulin district to the nearest point on the West River and thence to Nanning will take its place. The Anglo-Italian Syndicate has been authorised to work coal and iron mines in the province of Honan and to build railways connecting the mines with navigable rivers ; under this contract a line from Taiyuen to Singanfu and a branch to Siangyang are projected. In Manchuria, Russia has made a railway connecting Port Arthur and Tailienwan with the Trans-Siberian line, and branches in various directions are built or projected. Unsuccessful attempts were made in 1899 to induce the Chinese Authorities to introduce the Russian guage on their northern lines from the Manchurian border to Peking. The paper inception of a new line from Peking to Katcha and thence to Irkutsk viâ Kalgan has also been made. The British Commercial Attaché in his report for 1902 observes: "The old prejudices against railways would appear to be gradually dying out, and the example given by the Court, in ordering a

special line to be built for the conveyance of the Emperor on his visit to the Western Tombs, will be of no little assistance in finally knocking them on the head. The most conservative native can hardly resist the joys of travelling in a 'fire cart' or steamer; and, provided he is not made unduly uncomfortable or charged too high a fare, he is sure to prove a constant patron. Passenger rates on the German railways in Shantung are 0.05 Mexican dol. per mile 2nd class, 0025 Mexican dol. 3rd class, and 00125 Mexican dol. 4th class. Freight on the stretch from Wei-hsien to Ts'ing-tao, 120 miles, is carried for 0:40 Mexican dol. per 15 kilos. per kilom. (1d. per ton per mile). Rates on the 132 miles of the Pei-han line, open to regular traffic, are slightly higher as regards freight (1d. per ton per mile), and lower as regards passengers-2nd class 0032 Mexican dol., 3rd class 0'016 Mexican dol. The most highly organised system of cartage in the Empire is carried on in Manchuria, where the rate is 21. per ton per mile, and in South-Western China pack animals carry at the rate of 23d. per ton per mile. In order to secure the bulk of the freight traffic, railways must be prepared consider- ably to underbid native modes of conveyance, or the latter will be used in preference. While the Imperial Chinese Railways in North China were under foreign military control, rates were raised and the Chinese Administration maintained the same scale of charges on taking the line over. The result is that, as compared with the earnings before the troubles, there has been a falling-off." A telegraph line between Tientsin and Shanghai was opened in December, 1882, and lines now connect all the impor- tant cities of the empire.

The year 1900 will ever be memorable in the history of China. It witnessed the last and a most determined attempt to break away from foreign influence and to revert to the exclusiveness of twenty centuries. The causes of the great social and Political upheaval are not far to seek, though from their interaction and overlapping they are by no means easy to set forth in the sequence of their importance. The associations brought about by an expanding trade, by missionary effort, and by reciprocated diplomatic representation have not in any way lessened the hostile mental attitude engendered by alien civilizations, literatures, and moral standards: there are still gaps between the Western and Chinese mind that no sympathy can bridge. The whole trend of Chinese education is especially calculated to ensure a hostile bias towards change, towards reform of abuse, and towards the adaptation of environment to new conditions, on which depends the continued existence of men and governments alike. The governing and influential classes have an enormous vested interest in retaining things as they are in every phase of Chinese life. There can be but one issue to a policy like theirs in these days, though the Chinese, unlike their more nimble-minded neighbours in the East, are unable to see it. As in all countries where an enormous population lives on the narrow ledge that divides poverty from famine, there is ever a large element of social discontent ready to be moulded to whateve: end crafty or plausible leaders may determine. In many places this has been directed against Missionary converts and the Christian propaganda, and has given rise to a wide-spread idea that the Christian religion is in itself hateful to the Chinese. It may be admitted that in cases the indiscretions of the Missionaries, and in a few more that of the converts in claiming special privilege and in using the aegis of their teachers for the advance of their private ends, gives some colour to the charge that Missionary enterprise is the main cause of anti- foreign feeling in China; but by anyone who knows the relatively small field of Missionary influence, and the huge area over which the blind national enmity obtains, it must be dismissed as incommensurate to the phenomenon, though it undoubtedly assists in swelling the tide of anti-foreign hatred. A more just explanation may be found in Education and in the recent history of China. Shallow_observers deny that there is patriotic sentiment in the Chinese, but that is an error. Patriotism has not the fine edge that it has in Western countries, and is not so active in personal or national conduct, but to say that it is non-existent is absurd. The national conceit in their own ineffable superiority implies a strong feeling at least akin to love of country. This conceit had, among the educated classes, received severe and deadly wounds from the issues of the Japanese war, the seizure of Kiau-chou, Port Arthur and Wei-hai-wei, from French aggression in the South and the ill concealed designs of Italy in Chekiang. The degradation of high officials at the call of foreign Ministers, the overbearing attitude of strong men like von Heyking and Pavilow in Peking, even the extension of the foreign Settlements in Shanghai and other places, and the utter insouciance with which the partition and general treatment of China is usually discussed in the foreign Press, have all contributed to accentuate and to intensify the chronic bitter anti-foreign feeling. To this we

have but to add the unfathomable ignorance of the outside world and its resources displayed by the harem-ridden and secluded Manchus in Peking, to get most of the elements in which the recent troubles originated.

The sedition arose in Shantung, the very shrine of Confucianism and Chinese patriotism-such as it is. At first it had its inception in that vague and ill-defined social discontent to which we have referred as originating in poverty. Shantung is the home of secret societies and of bold blackguardism. The Ta-tou-tse or "Big Swords"- long ago developed a kindred society, which took the sententious name of I-ho-chuan

Patriotic Harmony Fists," roughly rendered into English by the word "Boxers." These people have a ritual which is largely composed of gymnastic posturing. During the last few years it has focussed in its membership all the vague discontents arising in Christianity as a better system of morals, in poverty, in political "loss of face," in discontent with the Dynasty, &c. It is the easiest thing in the world to direct a feeling of general discontent exclusively toward one of its elements; and if cleverly done, the whole force of the storm will be directed against this one object to the complete neglect of all the rest. This was cleverly brought about in Shantung, The last two Governors of the Province seeing the trend of events, skilfully represented to the Throne that it would be wise to guide the coming storm into channels into which it could be made subservient to Imperial resistance to foreign design; otherwise, they pointed out the society would as likely as not follow the example of the secret societies of the South and adapt primarily an anti-dynastic policy. The Boxers were consequently encouraged in their baiting of Christians, and only half-heartily punished when they added the murder of Europeans to their pro- gramme. When they began to harass Catholic Missions and converts, Bishop Anzer, a strong-minded but somewhat tactless Bavarian, made strong representations to his impulsive Imperial master. The latter instructed his Minister to demand the instant dismissal of the highest provincial authorities, and so intensified the anti- foreign feeling among the high officials in Peking. Things drifted from bad to worse. Li Hung-chang and other great Chinese officials, who were under no delusion as to foreign strength, were not listened to, and were sent to places where exclusively anti- dynastic risings were anticipated. Thaumaturgy and hocos-pocus were next skil- fully grafted on to the movement. The initiated were said to be impervious to bul- lets; they could walk on sunbeams, arrest rivers, stop or create fires by their mere gesture, &c., &c. This feature of the new propaganda caught on. The Chinese are still in that state of mental development in which a miracle is not only possible but welcome. Clever rogues among the Boxers gratified the multitude with some of the commonplaces of legerdemain, and the new religion began to run like wildfire. Were not the very gods on the side of the patriots? In March, April and May whole cities and districts in Chih-li went over to the new doctrine, and preachers could not be found in sufficient number to initiate the candidates. Rich men found it expedient to affect con- version and to support the movement; otherwise they were blackmailed into poverty. All the Roman Catholic and Protestant Missionaries clearly now saw the bearings of the coming storm, and cautioned their Ministers; but, with the usual grudging attention to unofficial reports, little attention was paid to the warnings until it was practically too late to coerce the Manchu Government into action by the only possible means-force. Too late the Fleets assembled at Taku. By this time the sedition was far beyond official -control, and moreover what did a Manchu who had never seen the sea care for a Naval demonstration? Their notion of a battleship is that of an exaggerated sampan.

The Boxers swept up like a cyclone from Shantung, and gathered their strength around Paotingfu, the provincial capital of Chih-li. They began with railway destruction; making the business strictly compatible with the innate Chinese propensity for loot, and varying it with the murder of foreign Missionaries and railway engineers. In the neighbouring province of Shan-si the movement was taken under the direct auspices of U-hsien, the ex-governor of Shantung. This supreme villain asked some thirty-three Europeans, including many ladies and children, to his Yamen at Tai-yuan-fu for protec- tion, and there and then let the Boxers loose on them to hack them to pieces with swords. He further supplemented this outrage on humanity by issuing most stringent orders throughout his province for the annihilation of all Christians, Europeans and Chinese alike. Next to the atrocity of Cawnpore in the Indian Mutiny, the story of the Shan- si massacre is the most appalling crime of the nineteenth century. The number of native Christians that have perished will never be known, as the Missions have lost their archives; pastors, members and premises have alike been exterminated. A similar policy was followed by the Acting Viceroy of Chih-li at Paotingfu, and by some of the officials in Northern Honan; where, though many heartrending crimes and murders

were committed, the story was mitigated by the fact that there were numerous escapes, and that many officials and gentry jeopardized their own lives in attempts to save the fugitives. The Governors of Shantung and Shen-si especially distinguished themselves in their zeal for humanity. It was entirely due to their powerful protection of foreigners that the number of murders and outrages was restricted to its present figures-that is to less than two hundred and fifty European lives. Sober estimates have been made that over 10,000 natives perished; most of these were Christians or the kinsmen of Christians, but in vast numbers of cases greed and family and personal feuds prompted the denouncing of pagans as Christians.

Reference is elsewhere made to the actions of the Boxers in detail (see notes under the articles "Peking," "Tientsin" "Taku" and "Peitaiho"), so they need only be suin- marised here. The attacks on the Mission stations began in May; those on the Lu-han Railway at the end of May, and the beginning of June. The Boxers appeared in the Capital in force on June 13th, and in Tientsin three days before this date. Official collusion was from the first suspected by the terms in which the Imperial Edicts dealt with the movers of the sedition; later on this suspicion became certainty when the Imperial Officers who dealt with it vigorously were ignored or reproved for their zeal. The Boxers completely overawed the civil power when they appeared in the great cities and openly declared their intention to expel or extirpate the foreigners. At first attempts to carry out their programme took the form of incendiarism, ie., to the destruction of Mission premises; the agents were entirely confined to themselves and the city canaille, the Imperial troops only joining in after the attack on and capture of the Taku forts on June 17th. The Tientsin Settlements were attacked on the night and morning of June 15th and 16th by the Boxers alone; on the afternoon of the 17th, the Settlements were severely shelled by the regular troops. Communi- cation was re-established with Taku on the 23rd, and the siege in part raised in the open. The Great Eastern Arsenal was taken on June 27th; while the first pitched battle preceded the seizure of the Western Arsenal on July 9th; the native City was carried by assault on the 14th, when the Viceroy Yu-Lu and General Nieh met their deaths the former by suicide the latter by a shell.

Boxers began to appear in the streets of Peking in force on June 13th, and openly assumed a hostile attitude to foreigners from that date. Until the 20th of the same month they confined their attention to acts of incendiarism and to the persecution of native Christians and people known to be associated with foreigners. The Imperial troops joined forces with the Boxers, and opened fire on the Legations on the 20th. The Siege continued with various vicissitudes until August 14th, when it was raised by the entrance of a column of Allied forces, 20,000 strong, which had left Tientsin about the beginning of the month and had fought two pitched battles at Pei-tsang and Yang- tsung on August 4th and 6th, besides numerous small engagements and the capture of Tung-chow en passant. The flight of the Imperial family and the Court began on August 13th. The Court entered Shan-si by the northern passes, and then vid Tai-yuen-fu its progress continued to the ancient capital Si-an, where it remained för the greater part of 1901. It left in October.

An important event in 1901 was the death of Li Hung-chang, who died in October at Tientsin, at the age of 79 years, whilst engaged in settling matters between his Government and the Powers.

During July, August and September, 1900, troops were poured into North China by all the the European Powers, America and Japan, and, with an eye to contingencies, large forces were deviated to the Yangtsze, and landed in Shanghai. The Governors and Viceroys of the Central and Southern Provinces had unceasingly protested against the Manchu and Reactionary policy in Peking, and, it is suspected, refused to carry out the secret edicts directing attacks on foreigners. In any case they succeeded in hold- ing the turbulent elements in their satrapies well in check, and in keeping the peace.

The situation during 1902 gradually improved, and the troops of the Allies have now been withdrawn, with the exception of about 2,000 men, who act as a permanent guard to the Legations in the capital, and the strong garrisons which the Russians have established in various towns of Manchuria.

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天類 Shun-tien

The present capital of China was formerly the Northern capital only, as its name denotes, but it has long been really the metropolis of the Central Kingdom. Peking is situated on a sandy plain 13 miles S. W. of the Pei-ho river, and about 110 miles from its mouth, in latitude 39 deg. 54 min. N. and longitude 116 deg. 27 min. E. or nearly on the parallel of Naples. A canal connects the city with the Pei-ho. Peking is ill adapted by situation to be the capital of a vast Empire, nor is it in a position to become a great manufacturing or industrial centre. The products of all parts of China naturally find their way to the seat of Government, but it gives little save bullion in

From Dr. Dennys's description of Peking we quote the following brief historical sketch: "The city formerly existing on the site of the southern portion of Peking was the capital of the Kingdom of Yan. About 222 B.C., this kingdom was over- thrown by the Chin dynasty and the seat of Government was removed elsewhere. Taken from the Chins by the Khaitans about 936 A.D., it was some two years after- wards made the southern capital of that people. The Kin dynasty subduing the Khaitans, in their turn took possession of the capital, calling it the 'Western Residence. About A.D. 1151, the fourth sovereign of the Kins transferred the court thither, and named it the Central Residence. In 1215, it was captured by Genghis Khan. In 1264 Kublai Khan fixed his residence there, giving it the title of Chung-tu or Central Residence, the people at large generally calling it Shun t'ien-fu. In 1267 A.D., the city was transferred 3 li (one mile) to the North of its then site, and it was then called Ta-tu- 'the Great Residence.' The old portion became what is now known as the 'Chinese city' and the terms 'Northern' and 'Southern' city, or more commonly nei-cheng (within the wall) and wai-cheng (without the wall), came into use. The native Emperors who succeeded the Mongol dynasty did not, however, continue to make Peking the seat of Government. The court was shortly afterwards removed to Nanking, which was considered the chief city of the Empire until, in 1421, Yung Lo, the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, again held his court at Peking, since which date it has remained the capital of China.

The present city of Peking is divided into two portions, the Northern or Tartar city and the Southern or Chinese. The former is being gradually encroached upon by the Chinese, and the purely Manchu section of the capital will soon be very limited. The southern city is almost exclusively occupied by Chinese. The general shape of Peking may be roughly represented by a square placed upon an oblong, the former standing for the Tartar and the latter for the Chinese city. The whole of the capital is, of course, walled. The walls of the Tartar city are the strongest. They average 50 feet in height and 40 feet in width, and are buttressed at intervals of about sixty yards. The parapets are loop-holed and crenelated. They are faced on both sides with brick, the space between being filled with earth and concrete. Each of the gateways is surmounted by a three-storied pagoda. The walls of the Chinese city are about 30 feet in height, 25 feet thick at the base, and 15 feet wide on the terre plein. The total circumference of the walls round the two cities slightly exceeds twenty miles.

The Tartar city consists (Dr. Williams tells us) of three enclosures, one within the other, each surrounded by its own wall. The innermost, called Kin-ching or Prohibited City, contains the Imperial Palace and its surrounding buildings; the second is occupied by the several offices appertaining to the Government and by private residences of officials; while the outer consists of dwelling-houses, with shops in the chief avenues. The Chinese city is the business portion of Peking, but it presents few features of interest to sight-seers, while the enclosure known as the Prohibited City is, as its title denotes, forbidden to all foreign visitors. The numerous temples, the walls, the Foreign Legations, and the curio shops are the chief attractions to the tourist. The streets of the Chinese metropolis are kept in a most disgraceful condition. In the dry season the pedestrian sinks deep in noxious dust, and in wet weather he is liable to be drowned in the torrents that rush along the thoroughfares, where the constant traffic has worn away the soil.

1899 saw the innovation of Legation Street being cleansed, levelled and macadamised -the greatest urban improvement in three centuries. Experts say that the money lost in time, wear and tear of men, mules and carts every year is greater than the prime cost. of macadamising all the main thoroughfares. The congestion of traffic and the personal discomfort of cart-transit are inconceivable to people who have not experienced them. There is an air of decay about Peking which extends even to the finest of the Temples and Palaces, and which powerfully impresses every visitor as symbolic of the decadence of Empire. The population of Peking is not accurately known, but according to a Chinese estimate, which is probably much in excess, it is 1,300,000, of whom 900,000 reside in the Tartar and 400,000 in the Chinese city. There is no direct foreign trade with Peking, and the small foreign population is made up of the members of the various Legations, the Maritime Customs establishments, the professors of the College of Peking, and the missionary body. In August, 1884, the city was brought into direct_telegraphic communication with the rest of the world, by an overland line to Tientsin via Tungchow. The year 1899 witnessed two other innovations, which would have been regarded as impossible ten years ago, viz: the erection of large two-storied buildings on prominent sites for the Austrian Legation and the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank. These are breaks with immemorial tradition that the feng-shui must resent elevation in houses other than those of the immortal gods and the son of heaven. A railway line to Tientsin was opened in 1897.

The year 1900 was the most memorable year in the history of Peking from the fact that for the first time in the history of civilization during two thousand years a dastardly and deliberate attempt was made by a responsible government to violate the sanctitas legatorum. The Chinese have made characteristic efforts to escape the responsibility for this turpitude; but the formal complicity of the leading men in the Government and of the Empress Dowager with the Boxer sedition has been proved up to the hilt, and endless Imperial Edicts remain to show that the Government as such was heart and soul committed to the anti-foreign and anti-Christian aims of the Reactionary Party. Reference is made elsewhere to the progress of the Boxer agitation: enough to say here that the I-Ho-Chuan or Boxers arrived in force vid Pao-ting-fu on June 13th, and between that day and the 19th began their policy of plunder, destruction and murder. All the buildings outside of the Legation cordon in the Chinese and Manchu cities, including all the Missionary premises and native preaching stations, as well as

the residences of all who were known even suspected of being in any way connected with foreigners were destroyed.. These people themselves were ruthlessly murdered. The most interesting building thus to suffer was the well-known Nan-Tang or Southern Roman Catholic Cathedral, built more than two hundred years ago. In the attempt to destroy the small foreign_drug-store belonging to Messrs. A. S. Watson and Company, Limited, of Hong- kong, the great Bazaar in which it is situated caught fire, notwithstanding the assurances of the chief Boxer that he, by occult influence, could prevent the fire from spreading. The destruction caused by this fire was inconceivably great: all the wealthy banks, silver shops, silk warehouses, and curiosity-shops, with their priceless and irreplaceable stocks of antique art, were consumed.

Before this act of incendiarism the threatening aspect of affairs had led the Ministers to apply to their Admirals for marine guards, and late in May and early in June some five hundred men with two or three machine guns had been sent up to the Legations. On the 9th of June the Ministers wired urgently for more men, a request which the Navy met in a way described in the notes on Taku (see pages 168-9); but these latter reinforcements never arrived. On June 19th the Tsung-li- Yamen notified the Legations to quit the city by 4 p.m. on the 20th, assigning as a reason the Allies' attack on and capture of the Taku forts. Protection was of course promised; but even had the Imperial Government been acting in good faith and been willing to protect the thousand refugees in their long journey to the Coast, it was certain that they had not the ability to do so. The Boxers were now in complete domination of the City, and would have paid no heed whatever to any assurances of the Government. Moreover, such a policy of scuttle meant the certain massacre of several thousand Christian refugees who had fled into the City from the suburbs, and had placed themselves under the care of the Fathers and the Missionaries. The demand of the Yamen was refused. The next day, Baron von Ketteler, the German Minister, while proceeding to the Yamen to interview the Chinese Ministers, was shot at by Imperial soldiers from loopholed houses, and was brutally murdered; his Secretary, Mr. Cordes, escaping the same fate by a miracle, though he was badly wounded. This unheard-of atrocity precipitated the supreme crisis. The Chinese Government saw clearly

that it could not possibly now go back, and the foreigners knew that certain death was in store for them unless they could ward it off by their own prowess until relief came. Earthworks were thrown up, and all the people were brought within the lines to a central position. The extreme limits of the defended position were 800 by 400 yards, the greater dimension being marked with the South Wall of the Tartar City. The Rev. G. W. Gamewell, an American Missionary, undertook to construct earth- works under the direction of the military officers, and succeeded admirably. His work afterwards exacted the highest praise from the Engineer officers of the Relief Column, and next to the defenders' courage it was the chief factor in the ultimate salvation of the garrison. Sandbags were improvised in vast number, the ladies and native refugees rendering fine work in this direction; every possible textile was used for this all- important purpose, and priceless embroideries, carpets, curtains, as well as clothes, were seen in the barricades alongside of jute and hessians.

The first death was that of the Rev. H. James of the Imperial University. He was shot by Tung Fuh-shiang's wild Kansu ruffians while he was advancing to speak with their officers at the bridge to the North of the Legations. The Austrian and Italian Legations were the first to be attacked and burned; these were followed by the destruction of the Customs' premises, with all the archives and the records of Sir Robert Hart's life's work. On June 22nd and 23rd desperate attempts were made to fire the British Legation, which from the first and throughout the siege was regarded as the key of the foreign position. On the 24th these were renewed, but were checked by the fine steadiness of the British marines. The Hanlin College, with its priceless Library, was burned to the ground by the vandalistic soldiery in these attempts. Rifle fire was practically continuous on the part of the Chinese for the first ten days; with great skill they kept under cover, but if their own testimony may be accepted (their conversation was easily overheard at some of the barricades) this was less due to military prudence than to personal cowardice; the besieged never wasted one shot and only fired when an enemy was seen and could be hit. After the Customs' premises were fired, the most persistent attacks were on the east of the Allied position around the palace of the Prince Su (Su Wan'g-fuh) where the native Christians were aggre- gated, and where Colonel Shiba and his gallant band of Japanese sailors were constantly acting the part of heroes. On June 28th shell fire was added to the sufferings of the defenders. Happily, as at Tientsin, the shell was of indifferent quality, and was seldom well timed. It often failed to burst, and seldom did much damage. The most severe punishment was from a big gun in the Mongol Market close to the western wall of the British Legation.

A rough census was taken of the foreign population about this time, and gave the following numbers:-Women, 147 inside the British Legation, 2 outside; Children, 76 inside, 3 outside; Men, 191 inside, 54 out; total, 473. The marine and other guards were between 450 and 500; so that altogether inside the lines there were nearly 1,000 foreigners. On July 1st, the besieged made their first big sortie, the object being to capture a gun near the Su Wan'g-fuh. Although skilfully executed it was not successful. On the 3rd, the Chinese pressed very hard on the Americans who were holding the west part of the foreign section of the wall; they actually carried a barricade, but it was quickly retaken by a conjoint party of Americans, British and Russians, in which Capt. Myers of the American Army was seriously wounded. July the 4th was celebrated by an artillery duel. The chief weapon of the Allies deserves a paragraph to itself. Some forgotten shell had been found in a well in the compound of the Russian Legation; and then by a curious coincidence in one of the foraging expeditions constantly made in parts of the town within the lines an old British muzzle loader was discovered-it had probably been purchased as old iron by the possessor in the early sixties but found too refractory to his tools. This was furbished up by the skill of some of the armourers, and fired with very considerable moral effect by an American gunner on the Chinese. The gun was aptly called the "International." Necessity proved the mother of invention in many cases during the siege; the excellent pewter of the Pekingese was moulded into bullets, and the Fathers of the Pei-tang in their desperate efforts to keep the Chinese at bay actually made their own gunpowder as well as bullets.

On July 11th, the French caught and shot some twenty Chinese in a position which they rushed with great gallantry; but on the other hand they were caught by a suc- cessful sap on the 13th. By this device the Chinese managed to blow up two large houses in the French Legation, and drove still more people into the neighbouring British compound. On July 16th, the gallant Strouts, the commander of the British Marines, was killed by rifle fire while examining the defences of the Su Wan'g-fuh along

with Col. Shiba, the Japanese commander, and Dr. Morrison of the Times. This loss was irreparable in more senses than one. Captain Strouts had shown himself a hero among heroes, and had the complete confidence of everyone, civilians and military alike. It would be no injustice to say that he and his gallant Japanese colleague, Shiba, were the active heroes of the siege. The gallant Colonel on this occasion had a narrow escape, getting a bullet through his coat, while Dr. Morrison was severely wounded in the leg. After this the British Minister, Sir Claude Macdonald, resumed his military rank and took a leading part in the defence as a military man as well as British Minister.

Trench digging to countercheck the possibilities of further sapping was now extensively undertaken; still it did not prove altogether a success. The very day the relief was effected, a deep mine was discovered under a portion of the Students' Quarters with the boxes to receive the powder ready in position; another two hours more and there would have been a tragedy of unexampled magnitude. About July 16th the news of the capture of Tientsin reached the high Chinese authorities, and at once modified their attitude: their attack slackened, and on July 18th hostilities practically ceased, as far as fighting was concerned, while attempts were made to reopen com- munications between besiegers and besieged, though the latter were as rigidly as ever secluded froin all news of the outside world. Chinese soldiers came inside the Su Wan'g- fuh and wished to fraternize with Colonel Shiba's men, offering them protection: the Colonel refused; thereupon they sent in small quantities of fruit and food. Similar offers were made in other parts of the lines, but there was a just suspicion of the "Danaos et dona ferentes." With a few exceptions the gifts were rejected, especially so the bag of flour hoisted over the barricades in one place. The Chinese made much of this offer of supplies in their attempts to delude the World as to the real nature of the position in Peking. About this time the besieged received their first news of ouside affairs, and learned that Tientsin had been attacked and relieved, and that a Relief Column was being organized for them. The paucity of information was one of the most curious features in a situation that was full of surprises. China is a country where news may as a rule be bought for money easier than in any country in the world, as spies abound; yet for weeks the World knew nothing of Peking, foreign-Peking nothing of the World. For the next ten days active hostilities were in complete abeyance, though vigilance on both sides was unremitting, and the defences were continually being strengthened.

On the 22nd of July, the attack was renewed at the Pei-tang or Northern Roman Catholic Cathedral, where the Catholic Fathers under Bishop Favier had assembled more than three thousand native Christians, and where, with the help of fifty French and Italian marines, one of the most pathetic and desperate resistances of modern times had been carried on. They were short of food, of ammunition, of medicines, and of every- thing but calm courage and Christian fortitude. These people were the special object of Boxer hatred and fanatical effort, and had to conduct their defence amidst inconceivable conditions of overcrowding, disease and famine; during the last few days of the Siege their daily allowance of food was four ounces of rice, and at the very last this had to be reduced to two. The children and aged died like flies. They were not only in utter ignorance of the outside world but also of their lay countrymen in the Legation part of the City.

News that the relief column was leaving Tientsin at once came to the American Minister on August 2nd. This was somewhat premature, as the Column did not finally start till August 3rd ; but it served to reanimate the defenders. At this time there were

; 883 people within the enclosure of the British Legation, that being the refuge to which all had recourse when they were driven from other positions in the defence. Of this number 527 were Europeans and Japanese. The reports of the defeat of the Chinese at Pei-t'sang and Yang-tsun, and of the swift advance of the Allied army, had the effect of making the Chinese more resolute to gratify their hatred, even at the last moment; consequently the attacks of the 12th and the 13th were the most desperate of the whole Siege; but as the heavy guns of the Relief were distinctly heard from Tung-chow, the defence knew the meaning of it and were more resolute on their part to beat the enemy off. The Japanese and the Russians were at the eastern gates of the Tartar City on the 13th of August, and to these localities the Chinese withdrew their best forces leaving the eastern Gate of the Chinese City all but unguarded. Here Sir Arthur Gaselee and General Chaffee leading the British and American contingents of the Column found an easy entrance. After seizing the Temple of Heaven, they swiftly pushed along in a direction parallel to the South Wall and found a way on through the Water Gate, by which the waters of the Imperial Canal flow under the Wall.

In a few minutes the relief of the Legations was an accomplished fact. Russians and French got in early the following morning at the Tung-pien-men, and the Japanese, who, after being the leaders all the way from Tientsin and bearing the brunt of most of the hard fighting on the road up, had the bad fortune to meet with most of the real opposition at the Walls, entered later on in the same morning. The gallant little Islanders found some solace in coming across the chief Treasury as they fought their way across the City, driving the beaten Chinese before them. On the following day the Americans advanced on the Imperial and Forbidden Cities and, with the co-operation of the French and Russians, seized these citadels of prejudice and seclusion. The French, backed by the Japanese, effected the release of the sore-tried people in the Pei-t'ang. The City was given up to a "modified looting" for a period of three days, and then military government was established, the different Powers undertaking different areas of the town. The Palaces fell to the Russians, who also sent out a column and seized the famous Summer Palace, thirteen miles distant. The capture of the City was formally celebrated by a visit of all the leading Ministers, Officers, and some of the troops to the Palace. For the first time in history, foreigners were able to see the arcana of the Imperial Court. The Imperial Family had the day before the Relief escaped from the City and fled into Shan-si via the Northern passes, en route for Si-an-fu, where it remained till October, 1901.

Peking, though it suffered indescribably from the depredations of the Boxers, the Imperial troops, the awful ruffianism of Tung-fuh-shiang's barbarians from Kansu, to say nothing of the subsequent attentions of the Allied troops, is at present more attractive as an object of travel than before, for the simple reason that the City was cleansed by the foreign Powers, and that many places of antiquarian, artistic or historic interest are now accessible if the visitor sets about his object with due attention to national susceptibilities.

During 1902 the fortification of the Legation quarter was completed, and the Rail- way termini brought to the neighbourhood of the Chien Meu in the Chinese City.

DIRECTORY

BACKHOUSE, E., Professor of English at

Imperial University

BIJNO, F., Gerant du Cercle International

Section)

D. M. Posdneeff, manager

J. J. Cheshev, first secretary R. Barbier, second dc.

COMPAGINE DES CHEMINS DE FER CHINOIS

(Peking-Hankow)

J. Jadot, ingénieur controleur (S'hai.) Geoffroy,

Bouillard, ingénieur en chef de

l'Exploitation

(Peking)

Beaufort, chef comptable, do.

RAILWAY (Peking

De Rotron,

Hirribaren,

Roussel,

N. Savinsk

G. Brauns

A. Weinstock

D. Shcherbakoff, student

Brodiansky,

U. Osipoff,

Chemin-Dupontes (Tchangsintien)

Jaumain,

CHINA TIMES, Daily Newspaper, Pub- lished at Peking and Tientsin, Pro- prietors, China Times, Ld., Registered Office, Hongkong

J. Cowen, general manager and editor

E. H. Cox, assistant editor

J. Brewer, overseer

W. R. Giles, reporter

N. A. Gonçalves, secretary and

assistant

Dr. Detheve,

Dupont (Paotingfou)

Gilbert, do.

Henhardt (Tchengtingfou)

Seymat, ingénieur en chef de la

construction (Shuntefou) Walterthum,

Charignon,

Joostens,

REMINGTON TYPEWRITER, 327 Broadway, New York, U. S. A.

ELECTRIC ENGINEERING AND FITTING Co.: Telephone Exchange. Head Office, Tientsin

F. H. Cornell, manager

GATRELL, T. J. N., M.D., Practitioner and

Bailleux, Barducci,

(Shuntefou) do.

De Hees,

Gilhain,

Poindron,

Tessemdier,

De Ryckmann,

De Jose,

Descotes,

Dr. Malbene,

Dr. Legrand,

Cassella,

Dolphin,

Evrard, agent (Tientsin)

Tsung Shui-wu-ssü Kung-shu

CUSTOMS-IMPERIAL

TORATE-GENERAL

At Peking

MARITIME-INSPEC-

Sir Robert Hart, Bart., G.C.M.G., Inspec-

tor-General

Chief Secretary-F. A. Aglen

Postal Secretary-A. T. Piry

Assistant Chinese Secretary-A. H.

Acting Assistant Postal Secretary-J.

W. H. Ferguson

Chief Accountant-J. W. Richardson Assistants-W.S. Dupree, R.Kurosawa,

W. D. Straight, F. Rospigliosi Special Duty-A. W. Child At Shanghai

Deputy Inspector-General –– R. E.

Bredon, C.M.G

Acting Audit Secty.-J.H. Macoun Do. Asst. Chinese do.-C.T.Bowring Do. Asst. Secretary-A. Michie Assistants-K. Tochtermann, E. G. Lebas, L. Sandercock, A. J. Ćommys, J. De W. Jansen

Statistical Secretary-F. A. Carl Acting Asst. Secretary-W. Hancock Non-Resident Secretary (London)—

J. D. Campbell, C.M.G.

Deputy Commissioner (London) — E.

Bruce Hart

D'ARC'S HOTEL

G. L. d'Arc, proprietor

Mrs. G. L. d'Arc

Miss G. d'Arc

DELKESKAMP, Engineer

Drollette, G. W., Stenographer

EILERS, Watchmaker

GENSBURGER & Co., General Importers

H. Gensburger (Shanghai)

GLOBE HOTEL

J. Ginsberg

GRAND HOTEL

Golokolosoff, proprietor

GREAT NORTHERN TELEGRAPH CO., LTD.

EASTERN EXTENSION, AUSTRALIA & CHINA

TELEGRAPH Co., LIMITED

S. L. James, controller

G. A. Grant, operator

HILL, SYLVESTER G., D.D.S., American

HOTEL DU NORD

E. Zurn, proprietor

O. Diedering

HOTEL DE PEKIN

J. Ossempromdi

Hui-feng

HONGKONG & SHANGHAI Banking Corpn.

E. G. Hillier, agent

R. R. Hynd

E. C. Mayers

Tsoon-kook-toon-song-yin-hong

IMPERIAL BANK OF CHINA

F. Percy Harrold, acting manager

(Tientsin)

INTERNATIONAL BICYCLE Co.

F. L. Rodgers (Shanghai)

JAME, F. Merchant

JEANRENAUD, CHS.

Chang-hsien-sheung

Shi-lo-fu

KIERULFF & Co., P., Commission Agents

and Manufacturers of Peking Enamels

P. Kierulff (absent)

J. Krüger

Alf. Sauer

REMINGTON TYPEWRITERS are simple, strong and durable.

Agencies

Hamburg Fire Insurance Co. of 1877 Magdeburg Fire Ins. Co.

Mannheim Insurance Company Netherlands Insurance Company

Equitable Life Assurance Soc. of U.S.A.

KISADA & Co., Watchmakers and Jewellers

✰✰ Li-Zung

KROEBEL & Co., Ld.

Ludwig Kölsch, clerk

LEGATIONS

署公差欽國加馬斯澳大

Ta Ao-88ú-ma-chia-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

Envoy Extdy. and Minister Pleniop.—

Baron M. Czikann de Wahlborn

Secretary of Legation-Dr. A. von

Rosthorn (absent)

Vice-Consul-Ernst Ludwig

-von Zach

Commander Legation Guard--Capt.

von Rodakowski

Ta Pei-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai fu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-M. Joostens

Counsellor to Legation-M.E.Gaiffier

Secretary-Count B. de Lichtervelde Vice-Consul-Disière

Do. -De Waele

First Interpreter-H. Van Bergen

Interpreter-Alp. Splingaerd

Ta Fa-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-G. Dubail, O*

First Secretary-A. de Panafieu

Second do. Vignon

Comrel. Attaché-G. Kahn

Third Secretary-Vte du Halgouët Military Attaché --Capt. Brissaud

Desmaillets

Interpreters-G. Morisse, *, Blan-

Chancellor E. Saussine

Student Interpreters. E. Point,

Soulange, Tessier, Delmas, Hau- checorne

Physician-Dr. H. Onimus

署公差欽國志意德大

Ta Te-i-chih-kuo Ch’in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipo.-Baron. M. von Schwar- zenstein

First Secretary of Legation-Baron

von der Goltz

Second Secretary- Von Radowitz Attaché Baron von Rotenhan Graf

Chinese Secretary-Krebs

Asst. Interpreters-Dr. von Borch, Metzelthín, Strewe, Dr. Hauer, Wilde

Chancellors-Dobrikow, Grunow Physician-Dr. Krummacher

Military Assistant-Von Claer

Clerk-Pifrément

Constable-Hummelke

Ta Ying-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

GREAT BRITAIN

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoty.-Sir E. Satow, G.C.M.G. Sec. of Legation-W. B. Townley Secretary of Legation (local rank) & Chinese Secty.-H. Cockburn, C.B. Military Attaché-Lt.-Col. Ducat Second Secretary-Claud Russell Third do. -G. J. Kidston

Assist. Chinese Secreatary.-F. E.

Wilkinson

Accountant-H. A. Ottewill Assistant-A. J. Flaherty

Do. -A. E. Eastes

Do. -C. F. Garstin

Officiating Chaplain--Rt. Rev. C. P. Scott, D.D., Bishop of North China. Physician-G. D. Gray

Student Interpreter-P. J. Jones

Do. -G. S. Moss

-E. G. Jamieson

-L. E. Keyser

-H. T. Harding

-J. B. Affleck

Sergeant of Escort-J. Bowman

Ta I-kuo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary-Count G. Gallina.

First Secretary-C. Sporza

Secretary Inptr.-Baron G. Vitale

Comdr. of Guard-Major J. Mamini

署公差欽國本日大

Ta Jih-pen-kuo Ch'in-ch'ia Kung-shu

Minister-Yasuya Uchida

First Secretaty-Keishiro Masui

First Secretary-Hioki Eki (absent)

Second do. -Tei Nagakuni

Attaché-Saburo Okabe

Chancellors Kintaro Kondo, Chi-

yokichi Nükani

The REMINGTON TYPEWRITER works swiftly and wears slowly.

Sec. Interpreter- Takasu Tasuke

Gisaburo Shimakawa Eleve intptr.-Shunzaburo Komura Military Attaché-Gen. T. Yamane NavalAttaché-Captain M. Yoshida Commander of the Legation Guard---

Lt. Col. N. Yamamoto

Physician-Dr. Tsunemaru Sato

Architect-Hideo Mamizu

署公差欽國蘭和大

Ta Ho-lan-huo Ch'in-ch'ai Kung-shu

NETHERLANDS

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary-Jonkheer A. J. Van Ritters

Secretary Intytr.-W. J. Oudenijk

署公差欽國洋西大

Ta Si-iang-kuo Ch’in ch'ai Kung-shu PORTUGAL

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipotentiary--Ä. de Novaes

Guedes Rebello (resident in Macao)

Ta Ngo-kuo Ch’in-ch'ai Kung-shu

Envoy Extraordinary and Minister

Plenipo.-P. Lessar

First Secretary-P. C. Roudanovsky Second Secretaries-A. Lyssakovsky

Do. -P. Rogdestvensky Military Agents-Baron von Raben, (Tientsin), Colonel C. N. Dessino (Shanghai)

First Interpreter-N. Th. Kolessow Second Interpreter-A.T.Beltchenko Physician-Dr. W. Korsakoff Student Interpreters-W. Mirny

-A. de Landesen -M. Kourenkoff —A Oussatoni

-N. Popoff

Second do. -H. P. Fletcher Chinese do. -Edward T. Williams Naval Attaché-Lieut. Comdr. C. C.

Military Attaché- Captain A. W.

Brewster

Student interpreters-J. H. Arnold, T. W. Haskins, F. D. Cloud, C. Clowe, P. S. Heintzlenan. W. B. Hull, A. W. Pontins, C. L. L. Williams

LEVESON, H. C. A., Burmah Commission,

Student Chinese Language

LOWRY, E. K., Chúan Pan Street

LYNAM HOUSE

R. E. Stevenson, proprietor

Avezzana

Magazzino, Wines and Liquors P. Cattaneo, proprietor

MCCORMICK, F., Correspondent "The Sun"

(Laffan's)

MISSIONS

For Protestant Missions see end of China

DIRECTORY

ADAMS & KNOWLES, Architects and Eng-

ineers, 2, The Bund

E. G. Adams, A.M.A.S.C.E. G. S. Knowles, A.M.I.M.E.

ALL SAINTS CHURCH, Racecourse Road

Rev. H. J. Brown

ALLEN, E. P., Attorney and Counsellor-at-

law, 2, The Bund: Tel. Ad. Penella

AMATEUR DRAMATIC CLUB

Committee-W. E. Southcott, F. J. Mayers, E. Gumpert, G.D.B. Bidwell,

(hon. treasurer) P. H. Kent, (hon. secretary)

生茂 Mow-8ung.

AMERICAN TRADING CO.: Tel. Ad. Amtraco

W. S. Emens, agent

P. E. Webb, sub-agent

H. Roding

W. G. Pratt

C. S. Buttrick

W. J. Melyard

H. H. Dambman

K. T. McCoy

Agencies

Shire Line of Steamers

Shewan Tomes' New York Line Yangtsze Insurance Association Atlas Assurance Company

Imperial Insurance Co., Ld.

Law Union and Crown Insurance Co

記瑞 Jui-chi

ARNHOLD, KARBERG & Co., Merchants,

Bristow Road

W. Pape, signs per pro.

W. H. Warmsley Chas. Denby, Jr. Geo. Crofts W. J. Warmsley O. Hoppe H. Finscher

J. J. Jensen (Oil Wharf)

Agencies

Asiatic Petroleum Co., Ld. Lancashire Insurance Company, Ld. South British F& MIn. Co. (Mar. Dept.) London Assurance Corporation Soy-chee Cotton Spinning Co., Ld. Tientsin Ntv. City Waterworks Co., Ld. Peking Electric Light Syndicate

ASTOR HOUSE HOTEL, LD., Victoria Road:

Tel. Ad. Astor

Directors-H. Schell, F. Sommer, C.

R. Morling

J. Heymann,

Otto Kreier, asst. do.

Oscar Raasch,

盛集 Chi-sheung

ASH, ARTHUR, Broker, Commission Agent

and Auctioneer

REMINGTON TYPEWRITER, 327 Broadway, New York, U. S. A.

Hotel de la Baix

TIENTSIN

UNAY PROPRIETOR

ODE: ABC. 5TH EDITION

THE ONLY FRENCH HOTEL IN TIENTSIN.

„IPE BAQ

Just thoroughly rebuilt and completely refurnished. Comfortable Rooms. Superior Cuisine. Select Wines stocked

LIGHTED THROUGHOUT BY ELECTRICITY.

Private Garden Within the Establis

Snan-mal-kwan.

TEROLWAY HOEL

Room and Buffet.

SHAN HAI KWAN

RAILWAY HOTEL pleasantly situated in this Delightful resort.

Superior Wines and Cuisine.

A Verandah runs the entire length of the Hotel, 240 feet long. Lofty and well furnished Bedrooms, Dining

Charges moderate. For further particulars apply to

The Manager.

RAILWAY HOTEL EL

THE IDEAL SUMMER RESORT OF NORTH CHINA.

STATION-HOTELE

RAIESTAT

THE TIENTSIN

HOTEL DIS COLONIES LED

TIENTSIN HOTEL DES COLONIES. ...TIENTSIN, CHINA.:::.

Cable Address

"Colonies, Tientsin"

Under entirely new

Management.

First class accommodation for Tourists, Commercial Travellers and Visitors.

Well ventilated and lofty Bedrooms with electric light and Fans throughout.

Wines and spirits of the best quality only.

Caterers for the Dining Cars and Buffets of the Imperial Railway of North China.

Branch:===

The Station Hotel, Tongku.

TIENTSIN HOTEL DES COLONIES, Ltd., Tientsin, China.

F. BRADLEY, Senior Manager.

ASTOR HOUSE HOTELE

LEADING HOTEL OF NORTH CHINA LIGHTHROUGH OUT WITH ELECTRICITY ELECTRIC FANS TIENTSIN

ADVERTISEMENT.

If you want to be well taken care of, when visiting Tientsin, stay at the

ASTOR HOUSE HOTEL, LD.,

Telegr, Address:

** ABTOR TIENTSIN."

OPPOSITE VICTORIA PARK,

TIENTSIN.

The most centrally situated, close to

Chinese Hong Name:

** LEE-SHUN-DE.

ENGLISH, FRENCH AND GERMAN CONCESSIONS.

The Leading Hotel of North China.

Lighted throughout with Electricity.

Electric Fans.

CODES: A1, ABC, WU.

GRAND DINING SALON.

American Plan. Moderate Rates.

Every Comfort to Visitors.

Well known for its excellent Cuisine and Wines

70 well-furnished Bed-rooms, Billiard, Bar and Reading Rooms, Private Dining Rooms.

Special attention paid to Reservation of Rooms by mail or cable.

G. HEYMANN,

Manager.

Importers TIENTSIN

Wholesale

Established 40 years.

ADVERTISEMENT.

H. BLOW & CO.,

Wholesale and

Boots and Shoes.

Saddlery.

Provisions.

Hardware.

Stationery.

Fancy Goods.

Retail Importers.

Millinery. Haberdashery.

Perfumes.

Electro-Plated Ware.

Cutlery.

Patent Medicines.